中西方主要价值观对比

Eastandwest,differentvalueContentⅠ.EnlightenthinkingofvaluesⅡ.ThedefinitionofvaluesⅢ.Expressionsofeastandwest,indifferenceⅣ.Reasonsofeastandwest,indifferenceⅤ.conclusionⅠ.价值观的启蒙思想(Enlightenthinkingofvalues)其实东西方价值观的是全方面的不同，西方的自然价值观念是由古希腊传统的自然价值观念、基督教(christianism)传统的自然价值观念发展来的，而中国的价值观是由道家(Taoistschool)的、以及儒家的自然价值观发展来的。在西方价值观中二元对置乃是关键，它是一种“双重二元对置”：首先是造物者与造物的二元对置，诸如本体实在与现象的对置、神与万物的对置之类，例如柏拉图的理念世界与现象世界的对置；然后是人与自然界的二元对置。这是整个希腊思想、也是整个西方文化的基本构架。中国价值观中一元存在是关键，不管是道家还是儒家，都认为有一个大的标准存在，如道家的道和儒家的礼；在这个标准下有一个互相转化的二元对置，如儒家的王道和霸道的理解，阴阳鱼就是这种思想的体现。这里既没有人与自然的二元对置，更没有造物与造物主的二元对置。在儒家观念中，人性也是自然，并永远是自然。人不仅是自然之子，而且还应该是自然的孝子。这个思想，在张载的《西铭》里有很透彻的表达：“乾称父，坤称母，予兹藐焉，乃混然而中处……”什么叫做自然的孝子？所谓孝，《中庸》说：“夫孝者，善继人之志，善述人之事者也。”述者，循也，循父母之道也。这就是说，孝子就是善于继承发展父母未竟的事业；同理，自然的孝子就是善于继承发展自然未竟的事业。这也就是《周易》所说的“干父之蛊”、“干母之蛊”。转自：Ⅱ价值观价值观是指一个人对周围的客观事物(包括人、事、物）的意义、重要性的总评价和总看法。像这种对诸事物的看法和评价在心目中的主次、轻重的排列次序，就是价值观体系。价值观和价值观体系是决定人的行为的心理基础。价值观是人们对社会存在的反映。是社会成员用来评价行为、事物以及从各种可能的目标中选择自己合意目标的准则。价值观通过人们的行为取向及对事物的评价、态度反映出来，是世界观的核心，是驱使人们行为的内部动力。它支配和调节一切社会行为，涉及社会生活的各个领域。Theconceptofvaluesvaluesareideasaboutwhatisrightandwrong,desirableandundesirable,normalandabnormal.properandimproper.Italsoincludestheassumptions,theunquestionedgivens,aboutpeople,life,andthewaysthingsare.Theconceptofvaluespeoplewhogroupupinacertainculturesharecertainvalues,thatdoesnotmeantheyallshareexactlythesamevaluestothesameextent;itdoesmeanthatmostofthem.mostofthetime,agreewitheachother`sideasabouthumannature,socialrelations,rightandwrong.amainstreamculturecanbeviewedasacollectionofvaluesandassumptionsthatgotogethertoshapethewayagroupofpeopleperceiveandrelatetotheworldaroundthem.TheconceptofvaluesIntheUnitedstates,forexample,valuesmightincludematerialcomfort,wealth,competition,individualismorreligiosityandsex,drugsandrockandroll.thevaluesofasocietycanoftenbeidentifiedbynothingwhichpeoplereceivehonororrespect.IntheUS,forexamples,professionalathletesarehonored(intheformofmonetarypayment)morethancollegeprofessors,inpartbecausethesocietyrespectspersonalvalessuchasphysicalactivity,fitness,andcompetitivenessmorethanmentalactivityandeducation.TheconceptofvaluesValuesarerelatedtothenormsofaculture,buttheyaremoregeneralandabstractthannorms.Norms（规范，准则）arerulesforbehaviorinspecificsituations,whilevaluesidentifywhatshouldbejudgedasgoodorevil.flyingthenationalflagontheholidayisanorm,butitreflectsthevaluesofpatriotism,wearingdarkclothingandappearingsolemnarenormativebehaviorsatafuneral.theyreflectthevaluesofrespectandsupportoffriendsandfamily.Ⅲ.Expressionsofeastandwest,indifference1.collectivismandindividualism1)thedefinitionofcollectivismcollectivismisasocialpatternconsistingofcloselylikedindividualswhoseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives(family,co-workers,tribe,nation);areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedbythosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersorthesecultures.(Triandis,1995)2)ThedefinitionofIndividualismindividualismisasocialpatternthatconsistsoflooselylikedindividualswhoviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights;andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.(Triandis,1995)3)Apricetobepaidforthisindividualfreedomself-reliance:Americansbelievedthattheyshouldstandontheirown2feet,achievingbothfinancialandemotionalindependencefromtheirparentsasearlyaspossible.usuallybyage18or21.mostAmericanstakeconsiderableprideintheirabilitytodothingsforthemselvesratherrelyingonhelpfromothers.infact,Americanswillsometimesprefertogothroughconsiderabledifficultyinordertodosomethingforthemselvesratherthanhavingothersdoitforthem.ontheotherhand,Americansexpectotherpeopletoalsobeself-reliant4.)IndividualfreedomisprobablythemostbasicofallAmericanvaluesByfreedom,Americansmeanthedesireandtheabilityofallindividualstocontroltheirowndestinywithoutoutsideinterferencefromthegovernment,arulingnobleclass,thechurch,oranyotherorganizedauthorities.5)Otherdifferencesbetweenindividualismandcollectivism（1）.Identityamongcollectivistsisdefinedbyrelationshipsandgroupmemberships.individualistsbaseidentityonwhattheyownandtheirexperiences.（2）.incollectivistsculturesthecollectiveisresponsibleforthewrongdoingofoneofitsmembers;inindividualistcultures,itissolelytheindividualwhoisresponsible.（3.）Historyismoreimportanttocollectiviststhantoindividualists.collectivistsseethemselvesaslinksinalongchainthatconsistsofancestorsanddescendants.Forindividualists,theindividualisinthecenterofthestage---whatcomesbeforeandafterismoreorlessirrelevant.2.对权力分配差距的不同态度(Differentattitudesindivisionofpowers)中西方对社会阶级和权力分配不平等想象持有不同的态度，汉语中许多复合词排列的先后顺序就充分展现了中国人的“尊卑”观念，如：天地、日月、国家、君臣、男女、老少、夫妇师生等等。中国人还把尊老敬老作为传统美德，因此在汉语中把年长者称为老先生、老妇人都是对人的尊称。英美人对此却并不这么认为，他们一般都不会承认自己老了。如果你在公共汽车上给英语国家的”老人“让座会招来对方的不不满。又如，在英语中”vice”、“deputy”等词语都含有“副”、“次”的这层意思，但是它们还有其他的含义。vi