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1.TheUnitedStatesistheworld’soldestsurvivingfederation.Itisaconstitutionalrepublic.(宪政共和国)Federal(联邦)andstatejudicial(司法的)andcabinetofficialsaretypicallynominated(提名)bytheexecutivebranch(行政部门)andapprovedbythelegislature(立法机关),althoughsomestatejudgesandofficialsareelectedbypopularvote.(普选)IntheAmericanfederalistsystem,citizensareusuallysubjecttothreelevelsofgovernment:federal,state,andlocal.Thegovernmentisregulatedbyasystemofchecksandbalances(相互监督与制衡)definedbytheU.S.Constitution,whichservesasthecountry’ssupreme(最高的)legaldocument.2.Racialdiscrimination，or，thecolorproblem，refersmainlytoNegroesintheUnitedStates，astheyconstituteonetenthofthetotalpopulation.ThetermNegroisappliedtopeopledescendedorpartlydescendedfromslavestransportedfromAfricalongago.theNegropositiontodaycouldn'tbeunderstood.Theblackpopulationisabout20million.TheirancestorswerebroughttoAmericaasslavesintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.NearlyalltheirdescendantswerekeptinlegalslaveryintheSouthuntil1865.ThesouthernstatesweredefeatedintheCivilWarandwereforcedtoabolishslaveryandsettheslavesfree.ButthesouthernersweredeterminedtokeeptheNegroesfrombecomingequalinanythingbutconstitutionallaw.TheFederalGovernmenthas，graduallycompelledthewhitemajorityintheSouthtoallowNegroestoenjoycivicrights.Butlegalprotectionhasbeenslowtodevelopandhasnotyetsolvedthesocialproblemofinequalityinvoting，education，employmentandhousing.