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AmericanPuritanism(美国清教主义)PuritanismwasareligiousreformthatarosewithinthechurchofEnglandinthelate16thcentury.Undersiegefromchurchandcrown,itsentanoffshootinthethirdandfourthdecadesofthe17thtothenorthernEnglishcoloniesinthenewworld---amigrationthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious,intellectual,andsocialorderofnewEngland.Puritanism,however,wasnotonlyahistoricallyspecificphenomenoncoincidentwiththefoundingofnewEngland,itwasalsoawayofbeingintheworld---astyleofresponsetolivedexperience---thathasreverberatedthroughAmericanlifeeversince.Doctrinally,puritansadheredtothefivepointsofCalvinismascodifiedatthesynodofDortin1619:1)unconditionalelection:theideathatGodhaddecreedatthesynodofdamnedandwhowassavedfrombeforethebeginningoftheworld;2)limitedatonement:theideathatChristdiedfortheelectonly;3)totaldepravity:humanity’suttercorruptionsincethefall;4)irresistiblegrace:regenerationasentirelyaworkofGod,whichcannotbere3sistedandtowhichthesinnercontributesnothing;5)theperseveranceofthesaints:theelect,despitetheirbackslidingandfaintnessofheart,cannotfallawayfromgrace.清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会内进行的一场宗教改革.在教会和皇权的双重压力之下,清教的一个分支于17世纪30,40年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地,他们为新英格兰奠定了宗教、知识和社会秩序的基础。清教主义不仅符合新英格兰成立的特定历史，而且一直反映了美国生活的一种生活方式。从教义上说，清教徒遵循加尔文派于1619年多特宗教会议上制定的五条信条：1）无条件拣选：神没有任凭人在罪中灭亡，而是在创世以前就拣选了一群人旅行拯救；2）有限救赎：基督的死只是为了特定数目的选民而死；3）完全堕落：自从亚当偷吃善恶果后，整个人类都堕落了；4）不可抗拒的恩典：圣灵的能力在罪人心里运行，一直到他认罪悔改方休；5）圣徒的坚守：圣徒是神所挑选的，无论他们如何退步，始终在神的感召下。8AmericanRomanticism(美国浪漫主义)RomanticismreferstoanartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatinginEuropeinthelate18thcenturyandcharacterizedbyaheightenedinterestinnature,emphasisontheindividual’sexpressionofemotionandimagination,departurefromtheattitudesandformsofclassicism,andrebellionagainstestablishedsocialrulesandconventions.TheromanticperiodinAmericanliteraturestretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughttheoutbreakofthecivilwar.Itwasanageofgreatwestwardexpansion,oftheincreasinggravityoftheslaveryquestion,ofanintensificationofthespiritofembattledsectionalisminthesouth,andofapowerfulimpulsetoreforminthenorth.InliteratureitwasAmerica’sfirstgreatcreativeperiod,afullfloweringoftheromanticimpulseonAmericansoil.Althoughforeigninfluenceswerestrong,Americanromanticismexhibitedfromtheveryoutsetdistinctfeaturesofitsown.First,Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”andcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.Second,puritaninfluenceoverAmericanromanticismwasconspicuouslynoticeable.EmergingasnewwritersofstrengthandcreativepowerwerethenovelistsHawthorne,Melville,thepoetsDickinsonWhitman,theessayistsThoreau,Emerson.TheseAmericanwritershadmadeagreatliteraryperiodbycapturingontheirpagestheenthusiasmandtheoptimismofthatdream.浪漫主义是于18世纪晚期发起于欧洲的一场艺术性及思想性的运动，它注重自然，强调个人情感表达与想像力，向既定的社会制度和传统挑战，与古典主义形式相分离。美国的浪漫主义时期从18世纪末一直延续到内战爆发前。这个时期发生了大规模的西迁运动，日益严峻的奴隶问题，南部各州的地方保护主义的是益盛行以及北部呼声愈演愈烈火的革新运动。在文学上，这个时期是美国第一次伟大的创作时期，浪漫主义的种子在北美的土壤里生根发芽。尽管受到欧洲浪漫主义运动的影响，美国浪漫主义文学仍然呈现出自己的独特风格。第一，美国浪漫主义在本质上是一个“全新的经历“的表达，因这个新大陆充满着生机和活力而使美国的浪漫主义蕴含异国的气质；第二，清教主义对美国浪漫主义有着显著的影响，作为新生创作力量的有小说家霍桑，麦尔维尔。诗人狄金森和惠特曼，散文家梭罗，爱默生。这些美国作家充满热情地记录下这个伟大时代的乐观主义精神9.Transcendentalism(超验主义)Transcendentalismisliterature,philosophicalandliterarymovementthatflourishedinnewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.itisthesummitofAmericanRomanticism.itoriginatedamongasmallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxyofCalvinismandtherationalismoftheUnitarianChurch,developinginsteadtheirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.TranscendentalismderivedsomeofitsbasicidealisticconceptsfromromanticGermanphilosophy,andfromsuchEnglishauthorsasColeridgeandWordsworth.ItsmysticalaspectswerepartlyinfluencedbyIndianandChinesereligiousteachings.AlthoughTranscendentalismwasneverarigorouslysystematicphilosophy,ithadsomebasictenetsthatweregenerallysharedbyitsadherents.ThebeliefsthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnatureandthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-reliance,andrejectionoftraditionalauthority.TheideasofTranscendentalismweremosteloquentlyexpressedbyRalphwaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature,andbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisbookWalden.超验主义是从1836至1860于新英格兰发起的一场文学,哲学以及艺术运动.即浪漫主义的顶点.由于一小群知识分子反对加尔文教派和唯一神论教派理性的形式主义,他们从而提出人与自然的神圣这一信念.超验主义受到德国浪漫主义哲学以及英国浪漫主义作家柯勒律治和沃兹华斯的影响,还在一定程度上受到东方古典哲学和宗教的影响.尽管超验主义思想并不能算是严格意义上的哲学,但是它还是有一些基本原则的.超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性,只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相互融合.从而超验主义十分强调个人主义,自立,拒绝传统权威思想.超验主义思想在爱默生的论自然和梭罗的瓦尔登湖等书中表现得淋漓尽致。AmericanPuritanism清教主义:Puritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthepuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheprotestantchurchwhowantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrinesofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.Americanliteratureinthe17thcenturymostlyconsistedofPuritanliterature.PuritanismhadanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Ithadbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,somuchapartofnationalculturalatmosphere,ratherthanasetoftenets.Transcendentalism超验主义:Transcendentalismwasag