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总体：1．AnneBradstreet（TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica）①Contemplation②ToMyDearandLovingHusband2.BenjaminFranklin①TheAutobiography(earlyAmericanDream)3.PhilipFreneau(PoetofAmericanRevolution;TheFatherofAmericanPoetry)①TheWildHoneySuckle②TheIndianBuryingGround③ToaCaty-Did4.WashingtonIrving(TheFatherofAmericanShortStory;firstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame;regardedasFatherofAmericanliterature.)①ThelegendofSleepHollow②RipVanWinkle③TheSketchBook(thebeginningofAmericanRomanticism)5.JamesFennimoreCooper①TheLastMohicans②LeatherStockingTales6.WilliamCullenBryant①Thanatopsis②ToaWaterFowl7.EdgarAllenPoe(FatherofModernShortStory;FatherofPsychoanalysiscriticism)①ToHelen②TheRaven③TheFalloftheHouseofUsher④TheBlackCat8.RalphWaldoEmerson(leadingNewEnglandtranscendentalist)①Nature②Self-Reliance③TheAmericanScholar9.HenryDavidThoreau(anactivetranscendentalist)①Walden10.NathanielHawthorne(amasterofsymbolism;firstgreatAmericanwriteroffictiontoworkinmoralistictradition.combinedtheAmericanromanticismwithpuritanmoralism;createdanewgenrepsychologicalromance)①TheScarletLetter②TwiceToldTales③TheMarbleFaun④BlithedaleRomance⑤TheMinister’sBlackVeil11.HermanMelville①MobyDick12.HenryWadsworthLongfellow(thefiresidepoet;loveofnature,loveforthepast)①APsalmofLife②TheSlave’sDream③MyLostYouth④TheSongofHiawatha13.WaltWhitman①LeavesofGrass(firstgenuineepicpoem)②SongofMyself③ISitandLookOut④Beat！Beat！Drums！14.EmilyDickinson(thethemeofherpoetryconcernreligion,life,death,marriage,immorality,natureetc.)①ITasteaLiquorNeverBrewed②IFeltaFuneral,inMyBrain③ABirdCameDowntheWalk④IDiedforBeauty___butWasScarce⑤IHearaFlyBuzz___WhenIDied⑥BecauseICouldnotStopforDeathWashingtonIrvingBracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田庄(1822)TheLegendofSleepyHollowTalesofaTraveller旅客谈(1824)ChristopherColumbus(1828)c.writingcharacteristics(1)humorous:thefunctionofhiswritingistoamuse,toentertaininsteadofteachingorinstruction(2)vividandtruecharacterportrayal(3)finished(refined)andmusicallanguage,thusregardedas“theAmn.Goldsmith”d.analysisonTheLegendofSleepyHollow(选自thesketchbook见闻札记)1.thestory:setting,character,plot2.theme:conflictsandpraiseconflictbetw.IchabodandBromconflictbetw.thevillageandtheoutsideworldJamesFenimoreCooperTheSpy(1821):ahistoricalnovelThePilot(1824):aseanovelLeatherstockingTales皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841):frontiernovelsTheLastMohicans(1826)(ColonialWarbetw.BritainandFrance)e.writingfeatures:strongpoints:wecanseeavarietyofincidentsandtensions,complicatedplotandstructureandabeautifuldescriptionofnature.Weakpoints:characterizationisweak.Thereisunsatisfactorydescriptionofcharacters(esp.female).Heisnotfreefromsyntacticalawkwardness,heavy-handedattemptathumor.“WhereIrvingexcelsCooperisweak.”Dialectisnotauthentic.EdgarAllanPoeTheFalloftheHouseUsherFeature:i.brevity(15pages)ii.Singleeffectiii.originalityinthemeToHelenItwasinspiredbythebeautyofthemotherofaschoolmateofPoeinRichmond,Virginia.Thepoemisfamousforanumberofthings:1.itsrhymescheme:ababb2.itsvariedlinelengths3.itsmetaphorofatravelonthesea4.itsoft-quotedlines:TotheglorythatwasGreece,/AndthegrandeurthatwasRome.theme:praisetheidealloveandbeautyandancientGreekandRomancivilizationsTheRaven乌鸦theme:thelamentoverthedeathofabeautifulwomantone:melancholyTranscendentalism(essayists,poets,novelists)Theirjournalis“TheDial”.Definition:Transcendentalismisidealism.(Emerson)b.features(1)stressonOversoul,thatisspirit.(2)stresstheimportanceofindividual.(3)freshconceptionofnature.c.significance(1)inspiredawholegenerationofwriterssuchasWhitman,MelvilleandDickinson.(2)dressesman’ssubjectiveinitiativeasopposedtomaterialism.(3)liberatedpeoplefromCalvin’soriginalsind.limitation(1)shallow:cutofffromreallifeorreality;initiatedbytherich,theywerelimitedinacertaincircle.So,insomedegree,theyhavebeencutofffromsociallifeandcan’tunderstandthesufferingsofthecommonpeople.(2)inwardcontradiction:gainknowledgebyintuition,showsitsidealisticaspect.R.W.Emerson(RalphWaldo)Nature(1836):theBibleofNewEnglandtranscendentalismTheAmericanScholar(1837):America'sDeclarationofIntellectualTheDivinitySchoolAddress神学院致辞(1838)Essays(1841/1847)RepresentativeMen(1850)EnglishTraits(1856)Poems(1847)d.significance(1)Heembodiedanewnation’sdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod.(2)hisstressonindividualismLimitation:self-centered,individualHisideasinfluencealotofwriterssuchasDikinson,HawthorneandWhitman.HenryDavidThoreauAWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers康考德和梅里马克河上的一周(1849)Walden,orLifeintheWoods(1854)CivilDisobedience不服从论(1849,anaddress)c.Waldenmainideas:(1)onself-cultivationandhumanperfectibility,elevatedfromPuritanoriginalsin,believeininnervirtueandinwardlygrace(2)criticismoncivilizationandcapitalism(3)onlytruthandknowledgecan’tbetakenaway,trustinfutureandinmanStyle:pithy(colloquialsayings),vividdescription,symbolsandimagesNathanielHawthorneTwice-ToldTales(1837):acollectionofshortstoriesMossesfromanOldManse古屋青苔(1846):anothercollectionofshortstoriesTheHouseoftheSevenGables七个尖角的阁楼(1851):ontheeffectofacurseTheScarletLetter(1850):masterpieceIt’snotaloves