8 英汉主语对比与翻译

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英汉主语对比与翻译英语的主语特点与功能1.主语具有不可或缺性(indispensability)。所有英语的陈述句和疑问句中都必须有主语。Itiswarmhere.2.主语是真正的一句之主,和全句具有密切的关系,对其他成分的影响举足轻重,有“牵一发而动全身”的作用。主语和谓语在逻辑与语法上必须保持一致,即所谓主谓一致性。语法上的一致:sheisastudent./Theyarestudents.Myfamilyareallfondofplayingtabletennis.Neitheryou,norI,noranyoneelseknowstheanswer.Thegirlhasseenhermother.SenttozoosinTokyoandothercities,thepandasarereportedtohavesettleddownverywell.Maryfeltsadnottohavebeeninvitedtothebanquet.逻辑上的一致你的教学科研都取得了长足进步,但不能因此而骄傲自满.原译:Yourteachingandresearchhavemadeprogress,butyoushouldnotgetconceitedandarrogant.改译:Youhavemadegoodprogressinteachingandresearching,butyoushouldnotgetconceitedandarrogant.英语基本句句型主要有七种:1.SV(主语+谓动)Thetelephonerang.2.SVO(主语+谓动+宾语)Laborcreatedman.Thenewssurprisedme.3.SVOC(主语+谓动+宾语+宾语补语)Hepainteddoorgreen.Weelectedhimourmonitor.4.SVO1O2(主语+谓动+宾语1+宾语2)Shesangusasong.Isenthimaletter.5.SVC(主语+谓动+主语补语或表语)Sheappearedcheerful.Wearestudents.6.SVA(主语+谓动+状语)Helistenedcarefully.Thebirdsanghappily.7.SVOA(主语+谓动+宾语+状语)WevisitedtheteacheronTuesdaynight.Thegovernmentreducedthepriceonalargescale.就主语和谓语动词之间存在的语义关系来说,英语主语可以有如下七种:(1)施动主语:Thehunterkilledthetiger.(2)受动主语:Thetigerwaskilledbythetiger.(3)工具主语:Thegunkilledthetiger.(4)地点主语:Thehallseats500.(5)时间主语:TomorrowwillbetheNationalDay.(6)形式主语:Itisinterestingtolearnaforeignlanguage.(7)类别属性主语:Mammalisanyofagroupofvertebratesthefemalesofwhichhavemilk-secretingglandsforfeedingtheiroffspring.3.所有主语都必须是名词性的。汉语的主语特点与功能1.在汉语中,主语并非必要成分,在大量的句子中没有主语,可能是省略,隐含或者说不出。也可能有多个看似平行并列,实质不在一个层次的主语(或称大主语和小主语)。只要勤奋就能取得好成绩。甲:吃完了没有?乙:吃完了。热得我透不过气来。有你受的。出太阳了!忽然响起了钟声。不准攀折花木。这座桥我们造了三年。一百米她跑第一。国庆节三天我们第一天全家人全聚德吃烤鸭。Onthefirstdayofthethreenationaldaysallourfamilywillenjoytheroastduckintherestaurant“Quanjude”.2.汉语主语对全句并不具有全面密切的关系,虽然它们被提到了句子的主位。它们可能是施事者,也可能是受事者,还可能只是与施事行为有某种关系或参与形式的与事者,与谓语之间没有形态上的一致性,也不存在密切的逻辑搭配关系。(1)施事主语:妈妈在洗衣服。(2)受事主语:衣服被小弟弟弄脏了。(3)类别属性主语(主谓之间的关系是说明类别性质的关系):家里最辛苦的是妈妈。(4)与事主语:这套衣服妈妈有个故事。(5)方式主语:这么快妈妈就洗好了衣服。(6)时间主语:仅仅一个小时就洗完了全家的衣服。(7)地点主语:洗衣盆里堆着一大堆脏衣服。(8)工具主语:一块洗衣板养活一家人。(9)零位主语:闷得我透不过气来。3.汉语主语具有词类兼容性。干净是他的习惯。唱歌要有天赋。天天慢跑,很有必要。要孩子们在课堂上保持安静最难。他考上了北京大学不假。英汉互译中主语的处理1.增补或删减主语。希望有更多的城市与外国城市结为友好城市。It’shopedthatmoreandmorecitieswillestablishfriendlyrelationswithforeigncities.弄得不好,就会前功尽弃。Ifthingsarenotproperlyhandled,ourlabourwillbetotallylost.……不要有了新亲,把旧亲忘个干净!这种没良心的人我见得多了.…onceyouhavenewrelatives,don’tforgettheoldones.I’veseentoomanysuchungratefulpeople.2.主语转换许多城市正在开展一场群众性的灭鼠运动。原译:Manycitiesarecarryingonamasscampaignagainstrats.改译:Amasscampaignagainstratsisbeingcarriedoninmanycities.有的地方热衷于搞华而不实的”形象工程”,“政绩工程”,市政建设盲目追求高档次,高标准.Somelocalauthoritiesliketobuildostentatiousprojectsdesignedtobuildtheirownimagesorshowtheirachievements.Inurbandevelopment,theyindiscriminatelypursuethingsofthehighestgradeorstandard.本书精选中国南方26个少数民族的131则脍炙人口的故事.她们从不同侧面表现了中国南方少数民族的生活,风俗,人情,表现了少数民族人民的智慧和灿烂的民族文化.Thebookconsistsof131superbstoriespopularamong26minoritiesinthesouthofChina.Theypraisefromvariousperspectivesthewisdomofthepeopleandpresentrichandsplendidculturesofdifferentnationalitiesinlife,customandsensibilities.德国相机的主要特点是工艺精湛,经久耐用。误译:ThemainfeaturesofGermancamerasaretheirfineworkmanshipanddurability.改译:TheGermancamerasarechieflycharacterizedbytheirfineworkmanshipanddurability.鲁镇的酒店的格局,是和别处不同的:都是当街一个曲尺形的大柜台,柜里面预备着热水,可以随时温酒。原译:ThelayoutofLuzhen’stavernsisunique.Ineach,facingyouasyouenter,isabarintheshapeofacarpenter’ssquarewherehotwateriskeptreadyforwarmingricewine.改译:ThewineshopsinLuzhenarenotlikethoseinotherpartsofChina.Theyallhavearight-angledcounterfacingthestreet,wherehotwateriskeptreadyforwarmingwine.鲁迅先生家里的花瓶,好像画上所见的西洋女子用以取水的瓶子,灰蓝色,有点从瓷釉而自然堆起的纹痕,瓶口的两边,还有两个瓶耳,瓶里种的是几棵万年青。TheplantpotinMr.LuXun’shomelookedlikethejarEuropeanwomenfetchedwaterwith,asshowninpaintings.….改译:Mr.LuXunhadaplantpotinhissitting-room.ItlookedlikethejarEuropeanwomenfetchedwaterwith,asshowninpaintings.….3.选用主语时,要考虑语篇的衔接。在《“家”是一只瓷碗》这篇文章中,有一段话是关于夫妻吵架的:女的一叉腰:“我就这么蛮,你怎么着?当初怎么不把眼睛睁大点!怎么啦,后悔啦,又想起先前的小情人了吧……”话音未落,男的一扬手,“呼”的一巴掌甩过去。女的捂着脸:“你这个畜生,你竟敢打我,…”Thewomanstoodakimborebuking,“…Whydidn’tyouopenyoureyeswiderbeforewemarried?Nowyoufeelregret?Missingtheformersweetheart?”Beforeshefinished,thehusbandraisedhishandandslappedherwifeintheface.Thewomancoveredherfaceandshouted,“……”原译:Beforeshefinished,thehusbandraisedhishandandslappedherwifeintheface.Thewomancoveredherfaceandshouted,“……”改译:Beforeshecanfinishit,aslaphaslandedonherface.Thewomancoveredherfaceandshouted,“……”二十岁的时候,和某个人晚上一起去看了一场电影,不经意中拉了一次手,结果幸福了整整一个夏天。三十岁之后,坐在香格里拉酒店的旋转餐厅陪客户吃自助餐,在缓缓的转动之中,莫名其妙地一阵空虚,突然之间对一切感到索然无味。Attheageoftwenty,Iwenttoseeafilmonanightwithsomeonewhocasuallytookmyhandinhispalm,andIfelthappyforthewholesummer.AfterIhaveturnedthirty,Ifeelanacingvoidintheslowmovementoftherotatingrestaurant,whereIdinewithmyclientsuponabuffetmeal,inShangri-LaHotelandallofasuddenIlostinterestineverything。Attheageoftwenty,oneevening,Iwenttoseeafilmwithsomeone.Inthedarkness,anincidentaltouchofhandsfilledmewithjoyallthesummer.Iamthirty,sittingtherotatingrestaurantofShangri-LaHotel,accompanyingclientshavingabuffet.Intheslowrotating,anindescribableemptiness,allofasudden,seize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