中国英语学习者语料库

中国英语学习者语料库CLEC收集了包括中学生、大学英语4级和6级、专业英语低年级和高年级在内的5种学生的语料一百多万词，并对言语失误进行标注。其目的就是观察各类学生的英语特征和言语失误的情况，希望通过定量和定性的方法对中国学习者英语作出较为精确的描写，为我国学生的英语教学提供有用的反馈信息。表1CLEC语料分布类型词次ST2208088ST3209043ST4212855ST5214510ST6226106总计1070602言语失误标注原则1.简单合理，易于系统操作。参与标注的人比较多，分类表过于繁复，就难于掌握。我们采取两级分类，第一级有11类：词形（fm）、动词短语（vp）、名词短语（np）、代词（pr）、形容词短语（aj）、副词（ad）、介词短语（pp）、连词（cj）、词汇（wd）、搭配（cc）、句子（sn）。每一类里再用数目字细分。如[cc]为词语搭配不当，[cc1]表示名词和名词的搭配，[cc2]表示名词和动词的搭配，[cc3]表示动词和名词的搭配，等等。2.分类表的类别要适中。过粗容易统一，但信息太少，不利于分析学习者的失误/过细难以统一，容易把同一种失误归到不同类别。目前我们采取的办法是对常见的失误从细（如vp和np都有9小类），对少见的失误从粗（如cj只有两小类）。现在的分类表有61个失误码，是属于中等规模的分类表。提供足够的失误信息（失误本身、失误类型和失误发生范围）。例如Inthepast,peopleare[vp6,4-]kindtoeachother…,失误用方括号表示，放在失误之后。[vp6]为vp（动词）第6种（时态）失误，4-为失误发生的范围，-表示失误的位置，4表示失误前有4个词。要联系这4个词，才能判断are这个词用错了。开放性。容许研究者根据需要对失误类型进行补充或进一步再分出细类。例如[sn8]为句子结构有缺陷，研究者可以对这种失误再分为若干细类来研究。这需要把sn8的失误全部检索出来，然后定出第三级的分类范畴，如sn81，sn82，等等。5.对语体或失误的来由暂不作标注，因为这需要标注者较多的主观判断，更难以统一。言语失误分类表（总数：61）词形动词短语名词短语代词码类型码类型码类型码类型fm1Spellingvp1patternnp1patternpr1Referencefm2wordbuildingvp2setphrasenp2setphrasepr2anticipatoryitfm3capitalizationvp3agreementnp3agreementpr3Agreementvp4finite/non-finitenp4casepr4Casevp5non-finitenp5countabilitypr5wh-vp6tensenp6numberpr6Indefinitevp7voicenp7articlevp8moodnp8quantifiersvp9modal/auxiliarynp9otherdeterminers形容词短语副词介词短语连词码类型码类型码类型码类型aj1patternad1orderpp1patterncj1patternaj2setphrasead2modificationpp2setphrasecj2setphraseaj3degreead3degreeaj4-ed/-ingconfusionaj5predicative/attributive词语搭配句子码类型码类型码类型wd1ordercc1noun/nounsn1run-onsentencewd2partofspeechcc2noun/verbsn2sentencefragmentwd3substitutioncc3verb/nounsn3danglingmodifierwd4absencecc4adj/nounsn4illogicalcomparisonwd5redundancycc5verb/advsn5topicprominencewd6repetitioncc6adv/adjsn6Coordinationwd7ambiguitysn7Subordinationsn8structuraldeficiencysn9Punctuation标注说明码分类类别说明fm1wordSpelling（拼写）spelling,coinage,abbreviation,apostrophefm2wordwordbuilding（构词）derivation,inflection,compounding,plurality(noun),irregularity(verb),3rdpersonsingularform(verb),syllabification,hyphenation,worddivisionorfusionfm3wordCapitalization（大小写）lowerinitialletterforupperinitialletterorviceversavp1vbphrPattern（及物性型式）errorintransitivity(viasvtorviceversa),transitiveverbpattern/grammatical(cfOxfordadvancedlearner’sdictionaryofcurrentEnglisheditedbyA.S.Hornby)vp2vbphrsetphrase（固定词组）phrasalverbandverbalphrase:errorinformorusevp3vbphrAgreement（主谓一致性）numberagreementwithitssubject(nounorpronoun)vp4vbphrfinite/non-finite（定式）finiteverbfornon-finiteverborviceversavp5vbphrnon-finite（不定式）infinitiveerror:formanduse/infinitiveforparticipleorviceversa/-edparticiplefor-ingparticipleorviceversavp6vbphrTense（时态）errorintenseusewithinasentence/thesequenceoftensesbetweensentencesvp7vbphrvoice（语态）errorintheuseofvoice:activeforpassiveorviceversavp8vbphrMood（语气）errorintheuseofmood:imperative,subjunctive/improperstructureofconditionalsentencesvp9vbphrmodal/auxiliary（情态）misuseofmodal/auxiliaryverbs/wrongformofmodalverb(orauxiliaryverb)andverbcombination(e.gtenseform,voiceform,etc)np1nnphrPattern（名词型式）Errorincombinationwithotherwords/grammaticalnp2nnphrsetphrase（固定词组）omissionorreplacementofafixedelementthatgoesafteracertainnounnp3nnphrAgreement（主谓一致性）numberagreementofanounwithitsdeterminerorawordthatreferstoitnp4nnphrCase（格）possessivecaseerror:formorusenp5nnphrCountability（可数性）uncountablenounusedascountablenounnp6nnphrNumber（数）countablenounusedwithnodetermineror-s/aor-swithpluralnounnp7nnphrArticle（冠词）a/anconfusionordefinite/indefiniteconfusionnp8nnphrQuantifiers（数量词）misuseorconfusionbetweenmany/much,(a)few/(a)little,some/any,etcnp9nnphrotherdeterminers（其他限定词）misuseorconfusionofdemonstratives,wh-determiners,numerals,etc.pr1pronReference（指称）incorrect/ambiguouspronounreference/anaphoricpr2pronanticipatoryit（先行it）improperorwronguseofanticipatoryit/itreplacedbyademonstrative,etcpr3pronAgreement（主谓一致性）numberagreementwithanounitreferstopr4pronCase（格）caseerrorofanypersonalpronounpr5pronwh-（wh-代词）misuseorconfusionofinterrogative,relativeandconjunctivepronounspr6pronIndefinite（不定式）misuseorconfusionofindefinitepronounssuchasall/both,few/little,some/any,either/neither,etcaj1adjPattern（形容词型式）errorinthecombinationwithotherwords/grammaticalaj2adjsetphrase（固定词组）errorintheidiomaticuseofanadjectivalphrase/omissionorreplacementofafixedelementthatgoesafteracertainadjectiveaj3adjDegree（级）adjectivedegreeerror:formanduseaj4adj-ed/-ingconfusion（-ed/-ing混淆）-edadjectivefor-ingadjectiveorviceversaaj5adjpredicative/attributive（谓语/定语）predicativeadjectiveusedasattributiveadjectivead1advOrder（词序）improperadverbplacement/wrongpositionad2advModification（修饰语）adjectivemodifierusedasverbmodifier/otherkindsofconfusionad3advDegree（级）adverbdegreeerror:formandusepp1prepPattern（介词型式）unacceptablecombinationwithotherwords/grammaticalpp2prepsetphrase（固定词组）errorintheformationoruseofanidiomaticprepositionalphrasecj1conjPattern（连词型式）unacceptablecombinationwithotherwords/grammaticalcj2conjsetphrase（固定词组）errorintheformationoruseofaphrasefunctioningasaconjunctionwd1wordOrder（词序）misplacementofanywordotherthananadverbwd2wordpartofspeec