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6,3,19988CHINESEBIODIVERSITY6(3):205212,August,19983:1997-12-19;:1998-03-15X(59778010)(,100871)(,100875),:,,,,,,,,:,,,,Landscapeapproachesinbiodiversityconservation/YUKong2Jian1),LIDi2Hua1),DUANTie2Wu2)AbstractLandscapeplanninganddesignplayanimportantroleinbiodiversityconservation.Dependingontheirdifferencesinemphasis,twokindsoflandscapeplanningapproachestobiodiversityconservationexist:thespecies2orientedandthelandscape2element2orientedapproaches.Intheformer,alandscapeisdesignedbasedondetailedinformationaboutspecifictargetspecies,whereasinthelater,alandscapeisdesignedbasedontheexistinglandscapeelementsandpatterns.Regardlessofthedifferencesinplanningapproaches,fivespa2tialtacticsarewidelyconsideredtobeeffectiveinbiodiversityconservation:protectingcorehabitats,buffer2ing,buildingcorridors,increasingheterogeneity,andrestoringhabitats.Questions,however,stillremainastowhatandwhere.Itisarguedthatthecurrentlandscapeplanningapproachestobiodiversityconservationhavelimitationsinthattheytreatspeciesaspassiveorganismstobeencircledinaspecificareaornetwork,andinthatonlythesolidlandscapeelementsweretargeted,notthecontextuallandscape,namelythematrixinwhichthesolidlandscapeelementsexist.Approachesinlandscapeplanningmightbegreatlydifferentifspeciesaretreatedasinitiativeandcompetingcontrollersofthelandscape.Threenewconceptsarehighlyappreciatedfortheirpotentialapplicationinlandscapeplanning:theconceptofspatialconfiguration,theconceptofevolu2tionarydynamiclineageandtheconceptoflandscaperesistance.Theapproachoflandscapeecologicalsecuritypatternswasanewattempttowardanalternativemodeloflandscapeplaninginbiodiversityconservation.Keywordsbiodiversity,biologicalconservation,landscapeecology,landscapeplanningAuthorsaddress1)DepartmentofUrbanandEnvironmentalSciences,PekingUniversity,Beijing1008712)InstituteofEnvironmentalScience,BeijingNormalUniversity,Beijing1008751,Wilson[1]:,(landscapedesign),,,(biodiversity):(1),,;(2),;(3),[24](biospatialhierarchy),();();();()(),,:,,:,,111,,[56]:(1),;(2),,;(3);(4);(5),,,:(1),,;(2);(3),,[7]1126026,,,,[8],[810]:(1),,(node),,;(2),,,;(3)(shiftingmosaic),,,,,,,(conservationinfrastruture),(IslandBiogeography)(archipelagomodel),(multiple2usemodel,MUMs[89](networkoflandscapecompensativeareas),[11],,,,??2:(1);(2)();(3);(4);(5);(6),[12],7023:,,,,:(1);(2);(3);(4);(5)(native)211,(),Preston[13]MacArthurWilson[1415],(areaeffect)(distanceeffect),,,[91618],[919],(landscaperesistance)[1718]Kanaapen[20],[21],(threshold)(viableminimumarea),,50;200500,,[916],[15]:S=CAz,SA(),CzCz[22],,,,,,10,30%,50%70%[23]212(bufferzones)(transitionzones),,[24],,,8026[2426],,,,,213(corridor),[17182729][14],,,[1728][7],,,,[3031][28],,,[28],[28]:(1),;(2);(3),,,,,,,[32];(4),(steppingstones),(texture)(hardboundary)214(heterogeneity),(patchness)[3337],,[1638]9023:215,,,,[3839]???3311:(1):,,,,,,(ecologicalsecuritypatterns)[24254041](2):,[42],,,,,,?,,,:(a),;(b),;(c),,,,,[25274041]312,,(1)(spatialconfiguration):,[1843],,0126[9]:,;;[9](2)(evolutionarydynamiclineage):,,[7],(3)(landscapereristance):[18](mini2mumcumulativeresistanceMCR[2426])MCR,,,[24264041],,,,1WilsonE.Thediversityoflife.CambridgeMA,TheBelknapPress,19922McNeelyJA,MillerKRetal.Conservingtheworldsbiologicaldiversity.Gland,Switzerland,19903SouleME.Conservation:tacticsforaconstantcrisis.Science,1991,253:7447504NAS(NationalResearchCouncil).Conservingbiodiversity:aresearchagendafordevelopmentagencies.WashingtonDC:NationalAcademyPress,19925AmstelAVan,SchoorlBVeenHVanDe.Amethodforthedevelopmentofecologicalinfrastructureatspeciesandlandscapelevel.In:SchrieiberKF(ed),ConnectivityinLandscapeEcology,Proceedingsofthe2ndIn2ternationalSeminaroftheInternationalAssociationforLandscapeEclogyFerdinandSchoninghPaderborn,1988,93966SelmAJVan.Ecologicalinfrastructureaconceptualframeworkfordesigninghabitatnetworks.In:SchrieiberKF(ed),ConnectivityinLandscapeEcology,Proceedingsofthe2ndInternationalSeminaroftheInterna2tionalAssociationforLandscapeEcologyFerdinandSchoninghPaderborn,1988,63667ErwinTL.Anevolutionarybasisforconservationstrategies.Science,1991,253:7507528NossRH,LDHarris.Nodes,networksandMUMs:Preservingdiversityatallscales.EnvironmentalMan2agement,1986,10(3):2993099HarrisLD.Thefragmentedforest:islandbiogeographytheoryandpreservationofbioticdiversity.ChicagoIL:UniversityofChicagoPress,198410NossRH.Landscapeconnectivity:Differentfunctionsatdifferentscales.In:HundsonWE(ed),LandscapeLinkagesandBiodiversity,DefendersofWildlifeIslandPress,1991,273911ManderUe,JagonaegiJ,KuelvikM.Networkofcompensativeareasasanecologicalinfrastureofterritories.In:SchrieiberKF(ed),ConnectivityinLandscapeEcology,Proceedingsofthe2ndInternationalSeminaroftheInternationalAssociationforLandscapeEclogyFerdinandSchoninghPaderborn,1988,353812BCCA(BiodiversityCommitteeofTheChineseAcademyofScience).BiodiversityinChina,statusandconser2vation.Beijing:SciencePress,199213PrestonFW.Thecanonicaldistributionofcommonnessandrarity:Ecology,1962,43:1852154104321123:14MacArthurRH,WilsonEO.Anequilibriumtheoryofinsularziigeography.Evolution,1963