7血管炎

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血管炎概述血管炎病是一组异质性由于血管壁发生炎症(炎性细胞浸润和/或血管壁坏死)而引起的疾病血管炎可以导致血管局部形成血管瘤,或狭窄甚至闭塞,从而导致血管供血区供血不足,出血或梗死。分为原发与继发Table1.TheChapelHillConsensusConferenceLargevesselvasculitisGiantcell(temporal)arteritis(GCA)TakayasuarteritisMedium-sizedvesselvasculitisPolyarteritisnodosa(PAN)KawasakidiseaseSmallvesselvasculitisWegener'sgranulomatosis(WG)Churg-Strausssyndrome(CSS)Microscopicpolyangiitis(MPA)Henoch-Schoenleinpurpura(HSP)Essentialcryoglobulinemicvasculitis(ECV)Cutaneousleukocytoclasticvasculitis(CLV)PotentialMechanismsofVesselDamageinVasculitisSyndromes•Pathogenicimmunecomplexformationand/ordeposition–HSP–Vasculitisassociatedwithcollagenvasculardiseases–Serumsicknessandcutaneousvasculitissyndromes–HepatitisC-associatedessentialmixedcryoglobulinemia–HepatitisB-associatedPANPotentialMechanismsofVesselDamageinVasculitisSyndromes•ProductionofANCA–WG–CSS–MPAPotentialMechanismsofVesselDamageinVasculitisSyndromes•PathogenicTlymphocyeresponsesandgranulomaformation–TA(GCA)–Takayasu'sarteritis–WG–CSS–Kawasakidisease与ANCA相关的疾病系统性血管炎CTD(SLE,RA,SSc,SS)肾炎:新月性肾小球肾炎,原发性局灶型坏死性肾小球肾炎炎性肠病感染,阿米巴肝脓肿ANCA与血管炎majortargetc-ANCAProteinase-3(PR-3)p-ANCAenzymemyeloperoxidase(MPO)ANCA与血管炎临床表现全身炎症反应:发热、头痛、乏力、不适感、出汗、体重减轻、肌痛,肢端疼痛、腹痛、关节痛等皮肤损害:结节性红斑、网状青斑、泌尿系统呼吸系统神经系统:CNS病变、多发单神经炎、临床表现消化系统:肠血管病变、溃疡、炎症,慢活肝心血管系统:心绞痛、心包炎、心衰血液系统眼鼻睾丸和副睾炎治疗原则:早诊断早治疗激素激素+免疫抑制剂(尤其是CTX)其他:IVIG,血浆置换,支持治疗与抗感染生物制剂:TNF-a抑制剂结节性多动脉炎(PAN)定义中小动脉坏死性炎症,不伴有肾小球肾炎或微小动脉、毛细血管或微小静脉炎症。显微镜下多血管炎(MPA)定义累及小血管(毛细血管、微小静脉或微小动脉)的坏死性血管炎,很少或无免疫物沉积,也可能涉及小及中等动脉。坏死性肾小球肾炎很多见,肺毛细血管炎也常发生。PAN与MPA的鉴别PANMPA侵犯血管中小动脉小血管(毛细血管、微小静脉或微小动脉)也可涉及小及中等动脉。急进性肾小球肾炎无有肾血管炎及肾血管性高血压,肾梗死和微动脉瘤有(肾血管性高血压,肾梗死,肾出血,肾衰)无肺血管炎无有ANCA少见,20%多见,50~80%(P型多见)血管造影异常(肾、腹腔脏器微血管瘤,血管狭窄)是否死亡原因肾衰、心血管病变、胃肠道肾衰、肺出血过敏性血管炎和肉芽肿病(Churg-Strauss血管炎,CSS)定义是一种累及小和中等口径血管的系统性血管炎病,以血管内外肉芽肿形成及高嗜酸细胞血症和组织浸润为其特点,最多影响呼吸系统,发生于有哮喘及变应性鼻炎的人中。临床三部曲变应性鼻炎、鼻息肉病、哮喘病史血嗜酸细胞增高、Loffler综合症(肺部暂时性浸润,合并咳嗽、发热、呼吸困难及嗜酸性细胞增多),慢性嗜酸性肺炎或胃肠炎系统性血管炎美国风湿病学学会分类标准哮喘嗜酸细胞血症(10%onWBCdifferential)单神经或多神经疾病非固定性肺浸润鼻窦病血管外嗜酸细胞积聚(活检血管)6项中至少4项PAN与CSS的鉴别PANCSS侵犯血管中小动脉小和中等口径血管变应性鼻炎、哮喘病史无有血嗜酸细胞正常升高坏死性肾小球肾炎无有肺浸润无有ANCA少见,20%2/3(+)血管造影异常(肾、腹腔脏器微血管瘤,血管狭窄)是否Wegener’s肉芽肿病定义小中血管炎,其特征为上下呼吸道坏死性肉芽肿和肾小球肾炎典型WG三联症:上呼吸道症状,肺病变,肾病变1990ACRcriteriaforWGCriterionDefinition-Nasalororal逐渐加重的痛性或无痛性口腔溃疡,脓性或血性鼻分泌物-AbnormalCXR结节、固定肺浸润或空洞-Urinary镜下血尿(5RBC/hpf)或红细胞管型-Granulomatous动脉壁内或血管周边,或血管外有肉芽肿炎性改变Symptoms/SignsofWGE:ENT(92%)Rhinorrhea,purulentorbloodynasaldischarge,nasalmucosaldryingandcrustformation,epistaxis,andotitismedia,sinusitis,saddlenosedeformity,subglotticstenosisL:LungsorLowerrespiratorytract(85-90%pts);Hemoptysis,abnormalCXR,pulmonaryvasculitisK:Kidneys(77%pts)Abnormalurinarysediment,renalinsufficiencyS:Skin(46%pts)granulomatousinvolvementofskinOther:Eye(52%pts):Conjunctivitis,scleritis,proptosis,eyepain,visuallossArthralgias,fever,cough,weightloss,peripheralneuropathy,CNSdisease,pericarditis,hyperthyroidism.CSS与WG的鉴别WGCSSENTNecrotizinglesionsallergicrhinitisLungfixednodules/infiltratesFleetinginfiltratesKidneyinvolvednotinvolvedAllergiesnoyes-asthmaANCAc-ANCAp-ANCAEosinonoelevatedPathCoagulativenecrotizinggranulomasFibrinoidnecrotizinggranulomasCauseofDeathRenal/LungCardiacTreatmentCyclophosphamideandPrednisonePrednisoneWG与angiocentricimmunoproliferativelesions(AIL)的鉴别淋巴瘤样肉芽肿中线肉芽肿WG与淋巴瘤样肉芽肿的鉴别淋巴瘤样肉芽肿,免疫过氧化物酶染色,细胞内有多克隆免疫球蛋白活检病理WG与中线肉芽肿(midlinegranuloma)的鉴别VasculiticLungInvolvementNameVasculiticLung/RenalInvolvementANCApositiveLargevesselGCARare/RareNoTakayasuFrequent/FrequentNoMediumvesselPANRare/FrequentNoKawasakiNo/RareNoSmallvesselWGFrequent/Frequentc-ANCACSSFrequent/Rarep-ANCAMPAFrequent/Frequentc/p-ANCA白塞综合症(Behcetsyndrome)病理血管炎,可以累及全身各大中小血管,其中以小静脉最常受累1989年白塞病国际诊断标准复发性口腔溃疡:口腔阿弗他溃疡或庖疹性溃疡,3次/年复发性外阴溃疡(经医生确诊或本人确认有把握的外阴溃疡或疤痕)眼病皮肤病变:结节性红斑,假性毛囊炎,针刺反应(+)具备第一条者,加上其余4项中任何2项值得重视的白塞病其他表现神经白塞心脏大血管病变全消化道病变(溃疡多见)

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