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Unit3WordFormation:compoundingCompoundingisaprocessofwordformationbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.ThewordformedinthiswayiscalledcompoundA.Accordingtoorthographiccriterion,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:1)solid,suchasbedtime2)hyphenated,suchasabove-mentioned3)open,suchasreadingmaterialPhonologically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedashavingamainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.`old/friends`new/friends`pure/scientistsSemantically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedas“havingameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotsimplybeinferredfromthemeaningofitsparts.Adarkroomisnotjustaroomthatisdark,ratheraroomusedforphotographicprocessing.FormationofCompounds1.Nouncompounds(1)n+n:moonwalk,endproduct(2)n+v:toothache,frostbite(3)v+n:crybaby,tell-tale(4)a+n:deadline,blueprint(5)n+v-ing:brainwashing,air-conditionincleag(6)v-ing+n:cleaninglady,wadingbird(7)n+v-er:stockhoder,crimereporter(8)adv+v:outbreak,downfall(9)v+adv:sit-in,have-not(10)v-ing+adv:going-over,carryings-on(11)adv+v-ing:up-bringing1.NounCompoundsInpolitics:ahotline:atelephonelineforswiftcommunicationinemergenciesbetweenMoscowandWashington.(热线)hard-liner:apersonfollowinganuncompromisingorextremepolicyIneconomics:unitpricing:thepricingofacommodityexpressedperunitofweight,volume,etc.(单价与兑价分标法)siegeeconomics:extremelystricteconomicalmeasures(极其严格的节约措施)Inmilitaryfields:cruisemissile:alow-flyingsubsonicguidedmissile(巡航导弹)laserbomb:bombguidedbylaser激光导弹fox-bat(狐蝠式战斗机)Inscienceandtechnology:blackhole:ahypotheticalcelestialregionformedfromacollapsedstar.(黑洞)biologicalclock:inherentmechanismthatregulatescyclicphysiologicalprocessinalivingorganism.(生物钟)strobelight:higherintensityflashinglight频闪放电管Insociallife:identitycrisis:astateofpsychologicalconfusioninone'spersonality.个性危机grouptherapy:thetreatmentofagroupofpatientsinregularsessionswhereproblemsaresharedingroupdiscussion:小组疗法encountergroup:agroupofpeoplewhomeettodevelopunderstandingofothersbyhonestexchangeoffeelings,opinions,etc.交朋友小组shieldlaw:alawthatpretextsjournalistsfromforceddisclosureofconfidentialnewssources.新闻来源保障法answeringservice:acommercialservicethatanswerstelephonecallsforitsclients.营利性的代客接听电话的服务处demandscheduling:flightschedulingonthepartanairlineaccordingtothespecificdemandofapassenger.按乘客要求安排航空旅行日程.silencevow:avowtokeepsilenceaboutsomethingsecret保守秘密誓词heartbeat:Theheartbeats.revolvingdoor:thedoorthatrevolvesTheanalysisofthenouncompoundstructures:1.subject+predicate:2.predicate+object:pickpocket:topickthepockethousekeeping:tokeepthehouse3.Verb+adverbial:Therearefivekindsinthistype:a)aprepositionalphraseusedasanadverbial(a)Theadverbialrelationofplace:divingboard:divingfromtheboardlivingroom:liveinaroomwaitingroom:waitinaroom(b)Theinstrumentalrelationofanadverbial:sewingmachine:sewwithamachinewalkingstick:walkwithamachine4.subject+object:steamboat:Thesteampowerstheboat.honeybee:Thebeeproduceshoney5.appositive:apeasantgirl:agirlwhoisapeasant2.Adjectivecompounds1)n+v-ing:law-abiding,record-breaking2)a+v-ing:easing-going,high-sounding3)n+a:warweary,thread-bare4)a+a:deaf-mute,bitter-sweet5)n+v-ed:custom-built,town-bred6)a(adv)+v-ed:far-fetched,hard-won7)n(a)+n-ed:short-sighted,lion-hearted8)num+n:ten-storey,four-leg9)num+n-ed:one-eyed,two-legged10)adv+v-ing:forth-coming,out-going11)v-ed+adv:worn-out,washed-upa:anoff-the-cuffopinion临时想起的意见b:round-the-clockdiscussion连续24小时的讨论会c:on-the-spotobservation2.CompoundAdjectives:1)thecompoundadjectivescomingfromadverbials:d:theahead-of-schedulegeneralelection提前举行的大选e:anoff-cameraannouncer影屏外的播音员f:thefirston-sceneattempttodetectlifeonMars实景考察a:aback-upgenerator备用发电机b:astand-upcollar竖领c:awalk-incloset人可以走进去的大壁橱d:asee-throughshirt透明的衬衫2)thecompoundadjectivescomingfromthephrasalverbs:3)thecompoundadjectivescomingfrominfinitivephrases:a:take-homepayb:across-borderraidc:akeep-fitclass（保健班）a:aneasy-to-paintportraitb:adifficult-to-operatemachinec:hard-to-get-atvolumes4)compoundadjectivescomingfromthecompressedattributiveclauses:d:acan't-be-put-downbooke:anever-to-be-forgotteneventf:hishigher-than-averagewagesThewomenhaveoutgrownthejumping-onto-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouseera.3.Verbcompounds-Throughconversionnicknametonicknamehoneymoontohoneymoonmoonlighttomoonlightfirst-nametofirst-name-Throughbackformationlip-readingtolip-readbottle-feedingtobottle-feedmass-productiontomass-produce1)Thecommonwaytoformacompoundverbisbymeansofback-formation.Theback-formationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichawordiscreatedbydroppingthesupposedorimaginedaffixes:3:CompoundVerbs:d:air-condition:fromair-conditioninga:mass-produce:frommassproductionb:window-dress:fromwindow-dressing布置橱窗c:proof-read:fromproof-readere:edit:fromeditorf:automate;automationg:gloom:fromgoomyh:greed:fromgreedyI:towindow-shop:fromwindow-shopping:lookatdisplaysofgoodsinstorewindowswithoutenteringthestorestobuyanything.j:baby-sit:frombaby-sitting:careforchildren,usuallyduringashortabsenceoftheparents.2)Acompoundverbcanalsobeformedbymeansofanalogy:a:chain-drink:fromchain-smokeb:bottle-feed:f