chapter four developing paragraphs

DevelopingParagraphsContents•IStructureofapagragraph;•IICharaceristicsofaparagraph;•IIIFeaturesofmakinganeffectiveparagraph;•IVPlanningaparagraph;•VWaysofdevelopingaparagraphStructureofaPharagraph•Itisagroupofsentencesthatintroduces,presentsanddevelopsonemainideaaboutthetopic,mainlyoccuringinthefollowingforms.•Topicsentence;•Detail1,detail2...•ConcludingsentenceCharaceristicsofaparagraph•1.Unity•Dealwithasingletopic•Stateasinglethought•2.Coherence•1)Thepartoftheparagraphshouldbelogicallyconnected•2)Eachsentencenaturallyleadstothenextsentenceinexplaninganddevelopingthecentralidea.•3)Theparagraphisanintegratedwhole,ratherthanacollectionofseparatesentences.FeaturesofaParagraphThreefundamentalfeatures:•Acentralidea(whcihmaybeexpressedeitherexplicitlyinatopicsentenceorimplicitly)•Supportingevidence(alltheinformationgiveninthissentencesshouldimpressesthereaderwiththecentralidea)•CloseconnectionbetweenthesentencesPlanningaparagraph•Topicoutline•Sentenceoutline2.WaysofDevelopingaParagraph•Topicoutline•在标式提纲中，每部分的内容将短语（通常是名词短语）列为标题，其特点是简洁醒目，例如：Title:HowShouldWeSpendOurSpareTimeI.Introduction:ManykindsofactivitiesinsparetimeII.Body:A.Firstsupportingdetail:Movies,TVprograms1.Muchmoney2.Apassiveactivity3.AwasteoftimeB.Secondsupportingdetail:Reading1.Littlespace2.Littlemoney3.KnowledgeC.Thirdsupportingdetail:Sports1.Fun2.Exercises3.ActiverelaxationIII.Conclusion:Morereadingandsportsinoursparetime•Sentenceoutline•在句式提纲中，每部分的内容用完整的句子列出。其特点是能较详尽地体现出实质内容和各部分之间的逻辑联系，因此对议论性强的严密文章更为适合。如：Title:HowShouldWeSpendOurSpareTimeI.Introduction:Therearemanykindsofactivitiesinoursparetime.II.Body:A.Firstsupportingdetail:Movies,TVprogramsarenotpreferable.1.Goingtomoviesneedsmuchmoney.2.WatchingTVprogramsisapassiveactivity.3.Theywastealotoftime.B.Secondsupportingdetail:Readingiseasy,cheapandbeneficial.1.Readingdoesn’tneedmuchspace.2.Readingdoesn’tcostmuchmoney.3.Readingbroadensourknowledge.C.Thirdsupportingdetail:Sportsarefunandactive.1.Sportsarefun.2.Sportsstrengthenourbody.3.Sportsareakindofactiverelaxation.III.Conclusion:Wepreferdoingmorereadingandsportsinsparetime.WaysofdevelopingaparagraphTypesofaParagraph•1.developingbytime•2.developingbyprocess•3.developingbyspace•4.developingbyexample•5.developingbycomparisonand•contrast•6.developingbycauseandeffect•7.developingbyclassification•1.DevelopmentbyTime••Intellingastoryorrecountinganevent,theeasistandclearestwayistodescribethingsinorderoftime.Thismethodisalsocalledchronologicalsequencing.LunarNewYearParadeinHongKong•Startingin1996,theHongKongTouristAssociationorganizesaLunarNewYearParadeeveryyeartopromotetourismandcelebratethistraditionalfestival.Byoneo'clock,onthirddayofJanuaryinthelunarcalendar,manytouristscomingfromdifferentcountries,togetherwithlocalpeople,linethestreetsofTsimShaTsui,whichistheheartofthecity,fortheparade.WhentheyhearthebeatofthedrumsandthetraditionalNewYearsongsapproaching,theyshoutloudlyandapplaudastheparadebegins.Atabouttwoo'clock,themainactivities–theLionDanceandtheDragonDance–leadnearlyahundredfloatswhichrepresentvariousassociations,largecorporationsandcountries.Movingonebyone,someofthemwearnativecostumeanddancetotheirnationalmusic.Sometimes,theygetofftheirfloatsandwalkintothecrowd.Thentheyshakehandswithpeoplewarmly.Afterahalfhour,theparadereachesitsclimax.Somemoviestarswithcheerfulsmilesshowupandthrowflowersandsouvenirstothecrowd.Peopleinthefrontrowgotogetthemquicklyandwavetothefloathappily.Sometouriststakepicturesofthevariouskindsoffloatsandaskthemoviestarstosigntheirteeshirts.Next,cometheclownsandmagicianswhowearcolorfulcostumesandheavymake-up.Theygiveballoonstothechildrenandpracticemagic.Aroundanhourlater,thelastfloatpassesbyandmostofthepeoplebegintoleavethestreets.Aftertheparade,thecitybecomescalmandwellordered.•Theorderoftime：•Byoneo'clock→Atabouttwoo'clock→Afterahalfhour→Aroundanhourlater•Andsomecoherentwords：•When,Then,Next,After.•WordsandPhrasesUsedinDescribingChronologicalRelations(p97)•hence;before;after;while;during;between;and;in...(year)•Since;later;earlier;formerly;etc.•attheturnofthecentury(decade)etc.•inthefirsthalfofthecentury,etc.inthe1900's,etc.•atbirth;inchildhood;ininfancy;inadolescence;asanadult;inadulthood;inoldage;atdeath;•simultaneously;simultaneouswith;atthesametimeas;theformer;thelatter•previous;previously;priorto•first;second;etc.inthefirstplace;inthesecondplace,etc.;tobeginwithnext;then;subsequently;inthenextplace•inconclusion;finally;lastly;intheend•Task2andtask42.DevelopmentbyProcess•Tellingpeoplehowtodothingsincorrectorder(chronologicalorder);rightsequenceofthethingstobedone;usingpresenttense.•Sample2inourtextbook3.DevelopmentbySpaceSometimeswewanttodescribewhataplacelookslike,forinstance,atown,apark,ahouse,aroom,etc.•Distant–Close•Head–Feet•ExtraordinaryThing–OrdinaryThing•MyGreenRoom•MyroomonthesecondfloorofanAmericancouple’ssemi-detachedhouseislargeand“green.”Itisthelargestroominthehousewithbrightgreenwallsandawhitesquare-patternedceiling.Whenyoustepintomyroom,youwillfeelfreshandcomfortable.Underyourfeetisagrasscarpetthatcovers