Chapter III Word Formation

Chapter3WordFormationAffixationCompoundingConversionBlendingClippingAcronymyBack-formationOnomatopoeia/soundreduplication3.1Affixation/derivation(词缀法/派生法)Theformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestobases.Wordsthuscreatedarederivatives(派生词).Accordingtothepositionsaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubcategories:prefixationandsuffixation.3.1Affixation/Derivation1.Prefixation1)Negativeprefixesa-‘not,without,oppositeof’asinamoral,asexual,amorphousdis-‘not,theconverseof’asindisobey,disorder,disloyalin-(il-,ir-,im-);non-;un-3.1Affixation/Derivation1.Prefixation2)pejorativeprefixesmal-‘bad,badly’asinmaltreat,malpracticemis-‘wrongly,astray’asinmisinterpret,misspelling,misleadingpseudo-‘false,imitation’asinpseudo-scientific,pseudonym3.1Affixation/Derivation1.Prefixation3)Prefixesofdegreeorsizearch-‘supreme,most’asinarchbishophyper-‘extreme’asinhyperactivemacro-‘large’asinmacroeconomicsmicro-‘verysmall’asinmicroeconomicssur-‘overandabove’asinsurplusco-,extra-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-3.1Affixation/Derivation1.Prefixation4)locativeprefixesextra-‘outside’asinextra-curricularfore-‘frontpart’asinforearm,foreheadinter-‘between,among’asininterpersonalintra-‘within’asinintrapartytrans-‘across’asintranscontinental3.1Affixation/Derivation1.Prefixation5)PrefixesofnumberGreekLatinhalfhemi-semi-onemono-soli-,uni-twodi-bi-threetri-ter-fourtetra-quadri-fivepenta-quint-sixhexa-sex-sevenhepta-sept-eightoct-oct-nineennea-nova-tendeci-crus-3.1Affixation/Derivation1.Prefixation6)conversionprefixesa-(V→Adj.)asinasleep,alivebe-(N→vt.)asinbefriend,befall,bewitchen-(N/Adj.→vt.)asinendanger,enrich3.1Affixation/Derivation1.Prefixation7)Miscellaneousprefixesneo-‘new,revived’asinneo-Nazipan-‘all,thewholeof’asinpan-Europeansino-‘China’asinSino-Angloproto-‘first,original’asinprototypevice-‘deputy’asinvice-chairman3.1Affixation/Derivation2.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesConcrete-eer,-er,-ess,-ette,-let,-ster,-istAbstract-age,-dom,-hood,-ism,-ship,-ance,-ence,-ation,-sion,-ment,-ness,-ity3.1Affixation/Derivation2.Suffixation2)Adjectivesuffixes-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-al,-ous,-eous,-ious,-uous,-able,-ative,-ive-ic:patriotic,pessimistic,bureaucratic3.1Affixation/Derivation2)Adjectivesuffixesclassicclassicalcomiccomicalhistorichistoricaleconomiceconomicalelectricelectrical3.1Affixation/Derivation2)Adjectivesuffixesclassic(great,memorable)classical(ofLatinorGreek)comic(ofcomedy)comical(funny)historic(importantinhistory)historical(ofhistory)economic(ofeconomy)economical(money-saving)electric(poweredbyelec.)electrical(ofelectricity)3.1Affixation/Derivation2.Suffixation3)Adverbsuffixes-ly,-ward,-wards-wise:‘in…manner’;asinclockwise‘asfaras…concerned’asincalorie-wise,education-wise4)Verbsuffixes-ate,-en,-ify,-fy,-y,-ize,-ise(Br.E)3.1Affixation/DerivationTask1Formnegativeswitheachofthefollowingwordsbyusingoneoftheseprefixesdis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,non-,un-.smokercapablepracticallegalobeyconvenientsecurityrelevantmatureabilityofficiallywillingnessagreementlogicalloyal3.1Affixation/DerivationTask1Formnegativeswitheachofthefollowingwordsbyusingoneoftheseprefixesdis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,non-,un-.non-smokerincapableimpracticalillegaldisobeyinconvenientinsecurityirrelevantimmaturedisabilityunofficiallyunwillingnessdisagreementillogicaldisloyal3.1Affixation/DerivationTask2Turnthefollowingnounsandadjectivesintoverbs.hardhorrormodernmemoryfalseapologydeepglorylengthintensebeautysympathyoriginvalidheight3.1Affixation/DerivationTask2Turnthefollowingnounsandadjectivesintoverbs.hardenhorrifymodernizememorizefalsifyapologizedeepenglorifylengthenintensifybeautifysympathizeoriginatevalidateheighten3.1Affixation/DerivationTask3Turnthefollowingverbsintonouns.realizeresentadhereexistimaginedecideperformaddassessdependattendoccurearnopendismisssurvivelinkshrinkpersist3.1Affixation/DerivationTask3Turnthefollowingverbsintonouns.realizationresentmentadherenceexistenceimaginationdecisionperformanceadditionassessmentdependenceattendanceoccurrenceearningsopeningdismissalsurvivallinkageshrinkagepersistence3.1Affixation/DerivationTask4Formadjectivesfromthefollowingnounsandcompletethetablebelow.comfortflexibilitysuccesssciencehygienefashionefficiencycomprehensionappropriatenessfrequencycompatibilitycompetencepredictiondemocracyaccuracyforgivenesshelpfaith3.1Affixation/DerivationTask4Formadjectivesfromthefollowingnounsandcompletethetablebelow.comfortableflexiblesuccessfulscientifichygienicfashionableefficientcomprehensibleappropriatefrequentcompatiblecompetentpredictabledemocraticaccurateforgivablehelpfulfaithful3.1Affixation/DerivationTask4Formadjectivesfromthefollowingnounsandcompletethetablebelow.-able-ible-ful-ent-ic-ateun-in-3.1Affixation/DerivationTask4Formadjectivesfromthefollowingnounsandcompletethetablebelow.-able-ible-ful-ent-ic-ateun-in-3.2Compounding/CompositionTheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.(复合法)Wordsthusformedarecalledcompounds.Acompoundisa‘lexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemantical