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ChapterIIIWord-FormationTeachingContents＊TheBasicTerms:1Compounding2Derivation3Conversion＊TheBasicTheories:1Thefeaturesandtypesofcompounds2Theclassificationandcharacteristicsofprefixesandsufffixes3ThemajortypesofconversionKeyPoints＊DefinitionofCompounding＊Criteriausedtodistinguishcompoundsfromphrases＊Formationofcompounds＊Pruductivityofcompounds＊Definitionofderivation＊Formationofderivatives＊Characteristicsofderivatives＊Definitionofconversion＊Featuresofwordsformedbyconversion＊Partialconversion＆CompleteconversionDifficultPoints＊Distinguishingcompoundsfromphrases＊ClassificationofderivationalaffixesQuestions1Whatarerelativecriteriaofacompound?2Howarethemajorlivingprefixesclasssified?3Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandsuffixation?Compounding1.bedroom(solid)reading-room(hyphenated)diningroom(open)2.flowerpotflower-potflowerpot★Compoundingorcompositionisaword–formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword(acompound).CriteriaUsedtoDistinguishCompoundsfromPhrasesⅠOrthographicCriterion:solid&hyphenated→acompoundtoothpick(牙签)shoelace(鞋带)upgrade(上升，升级)after-effect（后效，副作用）show-off（炫耀）world-famous（闻名世界的）ⅡPhonologicalCriterion:compoundaccent(′＿＿)&(′＿、＿)→acompoundphraseaccent(、＿′＿)→aphrase′spacerocket（宇宙火箭）(acompound)′blue﹑bottle(绿头大苍蝇)(acompound)a﹑blue′bottle(蓝色的瓶子)（aphrase）Exceptions:phraseaccent&levelstress→acompound、red′tape(官样文章)(acompound)inverted′comma（引号）(acompound)′short-′sighted（近视的）(acompound)ⅢSemanticcriterion:asingleidea→acompoundmotherwit(天生的智力)Indianpaper（字典纸）dogdays（暑天）ClassificationofCompounds1.Nouncompounds1)Subjectandverbcrybaby(爱哭的孩子)→thebabycriesheartbeat（心博）→theheartbeatsrevolvingdoor（旋转门）→thedoorrevolves2)Verbandobjectpickpocket（扒手）→topickpocketsbackrest（靠背）→torestthebackhousekeeping(家务管理，家政)→tokeephouse3)Verbandadverbialdivingboard(跳水板)→todivefromaboarddrinkingcup(酒杯)→todrinkoutofacuptyping-paper(打字纸)→totypeonpaper4)Subjectandobjectsugarcane（甘蔗）→thecaneyieldssugarsteamengine（蒸汽机）→steampowerstheenginegaslight（煤气灯）→thegasproduceslight5)Restrictiverelationmoonwalk(月面行走)→awalkonthemooneveningschool（夜校）→aschoolintheeveningashtray（烟灰缸）→atrayforash6)Appositiverelationboyfriend（男朋友）→thefriendisaboypeasantgirl（农家女）→thegirlisapeasantpinetree（松树）→thetreeisapine※Stringcompound:Thefirstelementofanouncompoundisitselfacompounddead-letteroffice：死信室halfwayhouse:重返社会训练所；吸毒者的戒瘾治疗中心test-tubebaby：试管婴儿※Phrasalverbs→nouncompounddropout退学breakdown:损坏；倒塌take-off:起飞2.Adjectivecompounds1)Subjectandverbhen-pecked（怕老婆的）→henspeck(cocks)book-filled（放满书籍的）→booksfill(theroom)poverty-stricken（贫困不堪的）→povertystrikes(theplaceorpeople)2)Verbandobjectpeace-loving（爱好和平的）→tolovepeacetime-saving（省时间的）→tosavetimerecord-breaking（打破记录的）→tobreakrecords3)Verbandadverbialhard-working（努力工作的）→toworkhardever-lasting（永恒的）→tolastforeverhome-made（家制的）→tobemadeathome4)Nounandadjective:tax-free（免税的）→freefromtaxwatertight（不漏水的）→tightagainstwatercrystal-clear（水晶般明澈的）→asclearasacrystal5)Coordinatingrelationship:bittersweet（又苦又甜的）→bitterandsweetdeaf-mute（又聋又哑的）→deafandmutesocial-political（社会政治的）→socialandpolitical※Otherkindsmade-up（虚构的）----phrasalverbround-the-clock（连续一整天或一昼夜的）----adverbialphraselook-before-you-leap（深思熟虑而后行的）----proverbjet-propelled（喷气式推进的）----attributiveclause☆compoundmodifiers--attributivecomplexes--nominalization3.Verbcompounds☆Waystoformverbcompounds1)Byback-formationvacuumclean（用真空吸尘器除尘）←vacuumcleaner（真空吸尘器）speed-read（快速阅读）←speed-reading（快速阅读）mass-produce（成批生产）←mass-production（成批生产）spoon-feed（用匙喂）←spoon-fed（用匙喂的）2)Byconversionnickname（给人起绰号）←nickname（绰号）spotlight（使突出醒目）←spotlight（聚光灯）outline（画出……的轮廓）←outline（轮廓）☆Syntacticrelationsinverbcompounds1)Object+verbproof-read→toreadandcorrecttheprinter’sproof2)Adverbial+verbvacuumclean→tocleanwithavacuumcleanerDerivation★Derivationoraffixationisaword-formationprocessbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.Itissubdividedintoprefixationandsuffixation.Awordformedinthiswayiscalledaderivative.1.Prefixation:Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.Prefixesalwaysmodifythelexicalmeaningofthebase,butdonotaltertheword-classofthebase.E.g.fair----unfairwrite----rewrite※Exceptions:be-:calm(a.)→becalm(v.)使平静/安静de-:form(n.)→deform(v.)损坏…的形状，使变丑en-:slave(n.)→enslave(v.)使做奴隶un-:earth(n.)→unearth(v.)（从地下）发掘，掘出anti-:war(n.)→anti-war(a.)反战的inter-:state(n.)→inter-state(a.)州与州之间的，州际的post-:liberation(n.)→postliberation(a.)解放后的pre-:plant(n.)→preplant(a.)preliberation(a.)解放前的★Classificationofprefixes(bymeaning)1.Negativeprefixes:un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-2.Reversativeorprivativeprefixes:un-,de-,dis-3.Pejorativeprefixes:mis-,mal-（坏，恶，不良）,pseudo-（伪，拟，假）4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize:arch-（为首的，总的）,super-,out-（超过）,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-（超出，极度）,ultra-（超，过）,mini-5.Prefixesofattitude:co-,counter-,anti-,pro-（亲，赞成）6.Locativeprefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-7.Prefixesoftimeandorder:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-（前，前任的）,re-（在后，后的）8.Numberprefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly-9.Others:auto-,neo-,pan-（全，总，万，泛）,proto-（原始，第一，首要）,s