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TOEFL95-05阅读真题[e-mail][e-mail]1995.08Question1-9InvestigationoftheDeep-OceanKeywords:ocean,researchers,techniques,samples,rocksTheoceanbottom–aregionnearly2.5timesgreaterthanthetotallandareaoftheEarth–isavastfrontierthateventodayislargelyunexploredanduncharted.Untilaboutacenturyago,thedeep–oceanfloorwascompletelyinaccessible,hiddenbeneathwatersaveragingover3,6000metersdeep.TotallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressureshundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth'ssurface,thedeep–oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans,insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace.Althoughresearchershavetakensamplesofdeep–oceanrocksandsedimentsforoveracentury,thefirstdetailedglobalinvestigationoftheoceanbottomdidnotactuallystartuntil1968,withthebeginningoftheNationalScienceFoundation'sDeepSeaDrillingProject(DSDP).Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP'sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger,wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean'ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwaters,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.TheGlomarChallengercompleted96voyagesina15–yearresearchprogramthatendedinNovember1983.Duringthistime,thevessellogged600,000kilometersandtookalmost20,000coresamplesofseabedsedimentsandrocksat624drillingsitesaroundtheworld.TheGlomarChallenger'scoresampleshaveallowedgeologiststoreconstructwhattheplanetlookedlikehundredsofmillionsofyearsagoandtocalculatewhatitwillprobablylooklikemillionsofyearsinthefuture.Today,largelyonthestrengthofevidencegatheredduringtheGlomarChallenger'svoyages,nearlyallearthscientistsagreeonthetheoriesofplatetectonicsandcontinentaldriftthatexplainmanyofthegeologicalprocessesthatshapetheEarth.ThecoresofsedimentdrilledbytheGlomarChallengerhavealsoyieldedinformationcriticaltounderstandingtheworld'spastclimates.Deep–oceansedimentsprovideaclimaticrecordstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears,becausetheyarelargelyisolatedfromthemechanicalerosionandtheintensechemicalandbiologicalactivitythatrapidlydestroymuchland–basedevidenceofpastclimates.Thisrecordhasalreadyprovidedinsightsintothepatternsandcausesofpastclimaticchange–informationthatmaybeusedtopredictfutureclimates.1.Theauthorreferstotheoceanbottomasafrontierinline1becauseit(A)isnotapopularareaforscientificresearch(B)containsawidevarietyoflifeforms(C)attractscourageousexplorers(D)isanunknownterritory2.Thewordinaccessibleinline3isclosestinmeaningto(A)unrecognizable(B)unreachable(C)unusable(D)unsafeTOEFL95-05阅读真题[e-mail][e-mail]“outerspace”inline5because(A)theEarth'sclimatemillionsofyearsagowassimilartoconditionsinouterspace(B)itissimilartotheoceanfloorinbeingalientothehumanenvironment(C)rockformationsinouterspacearesimilartothosefoundontheoceanfloor(D)techniquesusedbyscientiststoexploreouterspaceweresimilartothoseusedinoceanexploration4.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheGlomarChallenger?(A)Itisatypeofsubmarine.(B)Itisanongoingproject.(C)Ithasgoneonover100voyages.(D)ItmadeitsfirstDSDPvoyagein1968.5.Thewordextractinginline10isclosestinmeaningto(A)breaking(B)locating(C)removing(D)analyzing6.TheDeepSeaDrillingProjectwassignificantbecauseitwas(A)anattempttofindnewsourcesofoilandgas(B)thefirstextensiveexplorationoftheoceanbottom(C)composedofgeologistsfromallovertheworld(D)fundedentirelybythegasandoilindustry7.Thewordstrengthinline16isclosestinmeaningto(A)basis(B)purpose(C)discovery(D)endurance8.Thewordtheyinline21refersto(A)years(B)climates(C)sediments(D)cores9.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasbeingaresultoftheDeepSeaDrillingProject?(A)GeologistswereabletodeterminetheEarth'sappearancehundredsofmillionsofyearsago.(B)Twogeologicaltheoriesbecamemorewidelyacceptedbyscientists.(C)InformationwasrevealedabouttheEarth'spastclimaticchanges.(D)Geologistsobservedformsofmarinelifeneverbeforeseen.TOEFL95-05阅读真题[e-mail][e-mail]10-21BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadain20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth.ForeverythreeCanadiansin1945,therewereoverfivein1996.InSeptember1966Canada'spopulationpassedthe20millionmark.Mostofthissurginggrowthcamefromnaturalincrease.Thedepressionofthe1930'sandthewarhadheldbackmarriagesandthecatching–upprocessbeganafter1945.Thebabyboomcontinuedthroughthedecadeofthe1950's,producingapopulationincreaseofnearlyfifteenpercentinthefiveyearsfrom1951to1956.ThisrateofincreasehadbeenexceededonlyoncebeforeinCanada'shistory,inthedecadebefore1911,whentheprairieswerebeingsettled.Undoubtedly,thegoodeconomicconditionsofthe1950'ssupportedagrowthinthepopulation,buttheexpansionalsoderivedfromatrendtowardearliermarriagesandanincreaseintheaveragesizeoffamilies.In1957theCanadianbirthratestoodat28perthousand,oneofthehighestintheworld.Afterthepeakyearof1957,thebirthrateinCanadabegantodecline.Itcontinuedfallinguntilin1966itstoodatthelowestlevelin25years.Partlythisdeclinereflectedthelowlevelofbirthsduringthedepressionandthewar,butitwasalsocausedbychangesinCanadiansociety.Youngpeoplewerestayingatschoollonger,morewo