Consonants-辅音

ConsonantsSonorityHierarchy&LaryngealfeaturesMannerFeaturesPlaceFeaturesLabialCoronalDorsalLaryngealFeaturesVoiceSpreadglottisConstrictedglottisImplosiveFeatureSystemConsonantalSonorant;thesonorityhierarchyApproximantNasalTrill,Tap1Sonorityhierarchy1.1Sonorityhierarchy1.2Naturalclasses1.3Reconstructingthetraditionalmannercategories1.4Sonoritysequencing2Laryngealfeatures2.1Hayes’proposal:Voice,Spreadglottis,Constrictedglottis,Implosive2.2HalleandStevens’proposal:Spreadglottis,Constrictedglottis,Stiffvocalcords,SlackvocalcordsContents1.1SonorityHierarchyTheSonorityhierarchyisahierarchyrepresentingthesonority(loudness)ofclassesofsounds.Obstruents:fricatives,affricates,plosivesContributorSonorityhierarchy(greatest-least)Zec1995vowelssonorantconsonantsobstruentsClements1990vowelsglidesliquidsnasalsobstruentsKatamba1989vowelsglidesnasalsvoicedobstruentsvoicelessobstruentsAnderson&Ewen1987vowelsliquidsnasalsvoicedfricativesvoicelessfricatives=voicedplosivesvoicelessplosives1.2Naturalclasses•Naturalclassesaregroupsofphonemesthatshareoneorasetofphonologicalfeatures.•Thenaturalclassesfoundinphonologicalrulesoftenconsistofsomecontiguoussetofmannertypesdrawnfromthehierarchy,suchas{vowels,glides,liquids}or{liquids,nasals}.•Noncontiguoussets,like{glides,nasals},seldompatternasnaturalclasses.VowelsApproximants(glidesandliquids)NasalsFricativesAffricatesStopsSyllabic+-Approximant+-Sonorant+-Continuant+-Delayedrelease+-1.3Reconstructingthetraditionalmannercategories•Withsuchasystemofmannerfeatures,itisunnecessarytoemployourearlierfeatures[glide]and[liquid],andwewillhenceforthdispensewiththem.•Thereasonisthattheycanberestatedbycombiningmoregeneralfeatures;thus“glide,”forinstance,is[−syllabic,−consonantal].vowel=[+syllabic](but:syllabicliquidsandnasals)glide=[−syllabic,−consonantal]liquid=[+consonantal,+approximant]nasal=[−approximant,+sonorant]obstruent=[−sonorant]1.4Sonoritysequencing•TheSonorityHierarchygovernsthelegalsequencingofspeechsounds.Itoftengovernsthesequencingofsegmentswithinthesyllable.•Clustersofconsonantsoccurringatthemarginsofsyllables:asoneproceedsoutwardfromthenucleustowardstheedgesofthesyllable,oneencounterssegmentsofprogressivelydecreasingsonority.ClusterMannerfeaturetlst:obstruentl:liquids:obstruentdwbd:obstruentw:glideb:obstruentsprs:obstruentp:obstruent:liquidstrs:obstruentt:obstruent:liquidspl(eg.splash)s:obstruentp:obstruentl:liquidlps(eg.Alps)l:liquidp:obstruents:obstruent2.LaryngnalFeatures2.1Hayes’proposal:Voice,Spreadglottis,Constrictedglottis,Implosive[voice]articulatorilyasinvolvingvocalcordvibration,andacousticallyasinvolvingthecharacteristicperiodicwaveformthatresultsfromthisvibration.definesaphonemicdistinctionamongobstruentsinthemajorityoflanguages(eg.p,b)butisseldomphonemicamongsonorantconsonantsandvirtuallyneverphonemicamongvowels.2.1Hayes’proposal:Voice,Spreadglottis,Constrictedglottis,Implosive[+spreadglottis]•thevocalcords,ridingonthearytenoidcartilages(杓状软骨)havebeenplacedrelativelyfarapart,producingawideglottis.2.1Hayes’proposal:Voice,Spreadglottis,Constrictedglottis,Implosive[+spreadglottis]ispresentfor[h],breathyvowels,andaspiratedconsonants.Note:[+spreadglottis]soundsarenormallyvoiceless,butdooccurvoiced.E.g,thevoicedallophoneof/h/inEnglish,(foundbetweentwovowels,asinahead)2.1Hayes’proposal:Voice,Spreadglottis,Constrictedglottis,Implosive[+constrictedglottis]theoppositeof[spreadglottis],involvingadductionofthevocalcordstomakeanarroworclosedglottis.2.1Hayes’proposal:Voice,Spreadglottis,Constrictedglottis,Implosive[+constrictedglottis]ispresentfor:2.1Hayes’proposal:Voice,Spreadglottis,Constrictedglottis,Implosive[+implosive]内爆发音[+implosive]soundsinvolveaspecialarticulatorygestureinwhichthelarynxislowered,creatingatemporarypartialvacuum2.2HalleandStevens’proposal:Spreadglottis,Constrictedglottis,Stiffvocalcords,Slackvocalcords•Spreadglottis•Constrictedglottis•StiffvocalcordsIncreasingthestiffnessofthevocalcordsmakesthecouplingbetweenupperandloweredgesofthevocalcordslarger.Therateofvocal-cordvibrationsincreaseswithincreasingstiffness.•SlackvocalcordsDecreasingthecouplingbetweenupperandloweredgesofthevocalcordsmakethevocalcordsmoreslackWhenthevocalcordsareslackened,thereisadecreaseinthefrequencyofglottalvibration.Thefeaturesarenotcompletelyindependent.The4featuresproposedthusyield9distinctphoneticcategoriesofsegments.References•BruceHayes.(2011).IntroductoryPhonology.Hoboken,NJ:Wiley-Blackwell.•Halle,M.(2003).Frommemorytospeechandback:Papersonphoneticsandphonology1954-2002(Vol.3).WalterdeGruyter.••••!