电力体制改革的浪潮席卷全世界

I摘要电力体制改革的浪潮席卷全世界，20世纪90年代以来，已经有20多个国家和地区打破电力行业的垄断局面，在方方面面引入竞争。我国电力体制改革是为了适应建立社会主义市场经济体制的要求，在电力管理中引入竞争机制，发挥市场配置电力资源的基础作用，进一步促进我国电力工业的持续健康发展。我国已经明确了逐步实行厂网分开、竞价上网和以建立合理的电价形成机制为重点的电力体制改革的基本取向。近年来我国电力发展很快，但电力需求增长更快，供求矛盾突出，为缓解部分地区电力紧张的矛盾，国家发展改革委和电力监管委员会联合发布了《加强电力需求侧管理工作的指导意见》。在刚刚结束的两会中，温家宝总理也强调要加强需求侧管理的力度。可见，电力需求侧管理，既是缓解当前电力供需矛盾，做好电力供应工作的必要手段，也是保障电力系统安全运行的重要举措，更是树立科学发展观，促进中国电力工业健康、持续发展的长远战略。本文从我国的电力市场改革特点出发，运用产业组织理论、价值链再造和客户关系管理等经济、管理理论和研究方法研究了如何选择一个更恰当的需求侧管理模式，来解决近年来我国电力市场化改革进程中出现的“电荒”问题，从而提高终端用电效率，优化资源配置。对当前全社会关注的电力改革进程中解决电荒问题及国家能源有效利用有实际操作意义。本文首先从分析国际需求侧管理的模式入手，并在此基础上归纳出国际电力市场中需求侧管理的经验（第二章），在此分析基础上对比我国电力市场中需求侧管理的现状，提出现阶段我国需求侧管理的主要问题（第三章）；接着就如何解决该问题进行我国电力市场价值链分析，并进行价值链再造（第四章）；最后，对我国电力市场中需求侧管理进行展望及进行政策建议（第五章）。本文的研究得出如下结论：我国的严重电力短缺，反映出将解除管制的重点放在发电侧引入竞争的市场结构和运行机制上是不健全的，也说明了需求侧管理是保证电力工业长效可持续发展的重要手段。而针对我国电力工业发展现II状，电力需求侧管理主体应该重新确立，由能源服务公司担任。本文的创新点主要体现在以下两点：（1）现阶段我国需求侧管理主体的重新确立。本文根据现阶段我国电力市场结构特色，在对现阶段电力市场价值链分析的基础上进行价值链再造，得出，能源服务公司作为我国现阶段需求侧管理的实施主体能够更有效的提高电力使用效率的结论；（2）对能源服务公司的职能及业务范围以及大客户关系管理进行简单的分析和介绍。关键词：电力市场改革，需求侧管理，价值链再造，能源服务公司IABSTRACTElectricpowersystemreformationissweepingovertheworld.Sincethe1990s,morethan20countrieshavesmashedthemonopolizationofelectricindustry,introducingcompetitionsineveryaspect.Electricpowersystemreformationinourcountryistomeettheneedsofconstructingsocialistmarketeconomysystemandpromotethecontinualandhealthydevelopmentofelectricindustrybyintroducingcompetitivemechanismandbringingintoplaythebasicfunctionofresourceconfiguration.Ourcountryhasestablishedfactoryseparatebynetwork,competepricesurfthenet,breakandmonopolize,introducethecompetition,radicaldirectionfocusingonelectricityformingmechanism.Inrecentyears,electricpowerdevelopsrapidly,butdemandsincreaseatanevenhigherspeed.Supplyanddemandconflictbadly.Inordertosolvesuchaprobleminsomeregions,NationDevelopmentReformationCommitteeandElectricPowerSupervisionCommitteehaveissued“directiononreinforcingDSMofelectricitydemands”.Inthetwofresh-overcongresses,PremierWenJiabaoalsoemphasizedthatDSMshouldbeenhanced.DSMofelectricpowerdemandsisanecessarywaytorelievethesupply-and-demandconflicts,anessentialmovetoensurethesafecirculatingofelectricpowersystem,aswellasalong-rangestrategytoerectascientificviewofdevelopmentandpropelthehealthyandcontinualprogressofChina’selectricityindustry.ThispaperexplainhowtochooseanappropriateDSMpatterntosolvetheelectricitylackingproblemsinthereformationprogressandtherebyenhancetheefficiencyofterminalelectricemployment,optimizeresourceconfiguration,startingfromtheelectricpowermarketreformationemployingtheoryofindustrialbuildupandvaluechainreconstruction,etc.Ithasplayedanimportantpartinsolvingelectricitylackingandusingnationalresourcesefficiently.ThispaperstartswiththeanalysisofinternationalDSMpattern（Chapter2）,IIconcludingtheexperienceofit,onwhichtobasethepresentsituationofdomesticDSMandfindoutthemainproblems（Chapter3）;thenitcarriesouttheanalysisofvaluechainstosolvetheaboveproblemsanddoesthereconstruction（Chapter4）;finally,ithasaprospectofdomesticDSMandbringsforwardsuggestionsonpolicy（Chapter5）.Conclusionofthispaper:terribleelectricitylackingprovesthatitisnotsoundtoputtheemphasisofmanagementabolishingonthemarketstructureandfunctionmechanismwhichside-introducecompetitionsandthatDSMisanessentialmethodtosustainelectricindustry.Accordingtothepresentsituationofit,mainbodyofDSMshouldbereestablishedbyESCO.Twocreativitiesofthispaperareasfollows:first,mainbodyofDSMneedstobereestablishedinthepresentsituation.ThispaperprovesthatitcanenhancetheelectricemploymentrateeffectivelybyusingESCOastheimplementationbody,accordingtothecharacteristicsofnationalelectricitymarketandthevaluechainsreconstructionbasedontheanalysisofvaluechains.Secondly,ithasabriefanalysisandintroductionofESCO’sfunction,operationscopeandclientrelationsmanagement.KeyWords：electricityreform，Demandsidemanagement（DSM），valuechain，ElectronicsSupplyCompany.（ESCO）I目录第1章绪论··································································11.1需求侧管理概述···································································11.1.1需求侧管理起源···························································11.1.2需求侧管理的概念························································11.1.3与需求侧有关的电力市场相关概念···································21.2课题背景及研究方法内容·······················································21.2.1课题背景····································································21.2.2本文的研究内容概述及方法············································21.2.3论文结构安排······························································3第2章国际电力需求侧管理的经验和启示····························42.1国际电力需求侧管理背景·······················································42.1.1欧洲电力市场改革························································42.1.2美国电力体制改革························································52.1.3日本：稳步推进的电力市场改革······································72.1.4其他国家的电力体制改革···············································72.1.5各国电力体制改革的启示···············································72.2国际电力需求侧管理经验···············································