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1，alliteration2，kenning3，caesura4,romance5,chivalery6,quatrain7,meter:rhyme8,heroiccouplet9iambicpentameter10,bobandwheel11,realism12,idealism13,renaissiance14,blankverse15,sonnet16,comedy17,tragedy18,humanism19,cavalierpoets20,metaphysicalpoets21,metaphysicalconceit1.Epic(史诗)（appearedintheAnglo-SaxonPeriod）Epicisanextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,likeHomer’sIliad&Odyssey.Itusuallycelebratesthefeatsofoneormorelegendaryortraditionalheroes.Theactionissimple,butfullofmagnificence.Today,somelongnarrativeworks,likenovelsthatrevealanage&itspeoplearealsocalledepic.E.g.Beowulf（thepagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的)poetry）Iliad《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》ParadiseLost《失乐园》.1.Romance（传奇）(Anglo-NormanfeudalEngland)•Romanceisanyimaginativeliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.•Originally,thetermreferredtoamedieval(中世纪)taledealingwiththeloveandadventuresofkings,queens,knights,andladies,andincludingsupernaturalhappenings.Form:longcomposition,inverse,inproseContent:descriptionoflifeandadventuresofanobleheroCharacter:aknight,amanofnoblebirth,skilledintheuseofweapons;oftendescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments(骑士比武),orfightingforhislordinbattles;devotedtothechurchandtheking•Romancelacksgeneralresemblancetotruthorreality.•Itexaggeratesthevicesofhumannatureandidealizesthevirtues.•Itcontainsperilous(dangerous)adventuresmoreorlessremotefromordinarylife.•Itlaysemphasisonsupremedevotiontoafairlady.3.Alliteration（押头韵）:arepeatedinitial(开头的)consonant(协调,一致)tosuccessive(连续的)words.4.Heroiccouplet（英雄双韵体）（introducedbyGeoffreyChaucer）Definition:therhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter;averseforminepicpoetry,withlinesoftensyllablesandfivestresses,inrhymingpairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。5.couplet（两行诗，对句）:Twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.Aheroiccoupletisaniambicpentametercouplet.DuringtheRestorationperiodandthe18thC.itwasapopularverseform.6.iambicpentameter(抑扬格五音步):ApoeticlineconsistingoffiveVersefeet(pentameter-isfromaGreekwordmeaning“five”),witheachfootaniamb--thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.7.Rhyme（韵，押韵）:therepetition(反复)ofsoundsintwoormorewordsorphrasesthatappearclosetoeachotherinapoem.E.g.River/shiver,song/long8.meter(格律)（属于Prosody['prɔsədɪ]（韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学)））:Agenerallyregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables（音节）inpoetry.9.Rhythm（节奏，韵律）（属于Prosody['prɔsədɪ]（韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学)））：referstotheregularrecurrence（反复，重现）oftheaccent（重读）orstressinpoemorsong.E.g.therhythmofdayandnight,theseasonalrhythmoftheyear,thebeatofourhearts,andtheriseandfallofseatides,etc.10．Humanism1)HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Accordingtohumanists,humanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfectionandtheworldcanbequestioned,exploredandenjoyed.2)Byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,incontrasttothemedievalemphasisonGodandcontemptforthethingsofthisworld,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttopursuehappinessofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwanders.11.Tragedy（Dramaform）•Aseriousplayornovelrepresentingthedisastrousdownfallofacentralcharacter,theprotagonist.AccordingtoAristotle,thepurposeistoachieveacatharsisthroughincidentsarousingpityandterror.Thetragiceffectusuallydependsonourawarenessofadmirablequalitiesinheprotagonist,whicharewastedterriblyinthefateddisaster.•E.g.（莎士比亚）GreatTragedies（四大悲剧）（exploresthefaults/weaknessesofhumans）:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear&Macbeth12.BlankVerse（无韵诗）•Unrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.ItisaveryflexibleEnglishverseformwhichcanattainrhetoricalgrandeur（雄伟，壮观）whileechoingthenaturalrhythmsofspeech.ItwasfirstusedbyHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey,andsoonbecameapopularformfornarrativeanddramaticpoetry.Marlowe,Shakespeare,Milton,Wordsworth,Tennyson,StevensandRobertFrostarefondofthisform.13.SonnetAsonnetisalyricpoemcomprising14rhyminglinesofequallength:iambicpentameterinEnglish,hendecasyllables[hen,dekə'siləbl]（十一音节）inItalian,andalexandrines.[ˌæliɡˈzɑ:ndrain]（亚历山大诗行）inFrench..TheEnglish/ShakespeareansonnetItwasintroducedintoEnglishpoetryintheearly16thcenturybySirThomasWyatt(1503-1542).Itconsistsof3quatrainsandafinalcouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.AnimportantvariantistheSpenseriansonnet,whichlinksthe3quatrainsbyrhyme,rhymingababbcbccdcdee.（quatrain:四行诗(每节四行,韵律一般为abab或abba)）14.Allegory（寓言）•Astorywithadoublemeaning:aprimaryorsurfacemeaning,andasecondaryorunder-the-surfacemeaning•Astorythatcanberead,understoodandinterpretedattwolevelsTwolevelsofallegory•Onelevelexaminesthemoral,philosophicalandreligiousvaluesandisrepresentedbytheRedCrossKnight,whostandsforallChristians.•Thesecondlevelistheparticular,whichfocusesonthepolitical,social,andreligiousconflictsinthethenEnglishsociety.15.Metaphysical(形而上学，超自然，纯哲学)PoetsMETAPHYSICALPOETSrefertoaschoolofpoetsatthebeginningofthe17thcenturyEnglandwhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.TheworksoftheMetaphysicalpoetsarecharacterized,generallyspeaking,bymysticismincontentandfantastic