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Unit1ConfucianThoughtonHeavenandHumanity国学12道:1、孔子:为人之道;2、老子:处事之道;3、庄子:养性之道;4、孟子:君臣之道;5、荀子:学习之道;6、孙子:韬略之道;7、管子:教练之道;8、韩非子:统驭之道;9、鬼谷子:权谋之道;10、大学:修身之道;11、易经:天地之道;12、禅宗:死生之道。为人之道:与人平等,不强求别人,包容别人的错误,人无完人,不能太过于完美的去要求别人处事之道:以人为本,让别人感到受益,你才会有益受养性之道:是前两个的结合君臣之道:上下级关系,如何处理“Tolearnandthenhaveoccasiontopracticewhatyouhavelearned—isthisnotsatisfying?Tohavefriendsarrivefromafar—isthisnotajoy?Tobepatientevenwhenothersdonotunderstand—isthisnotthemarkofthegentlemen?”学而时习之,不亦乐乎?有朋至远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?孔子简介:Confucius(551-479BC),knowninChinaasKongzi,givennameQiuandaliasZhongni.HewasanativeofZouyi(present-dayQufuinShandongProvince)oftheStateofLuduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod(770-476BC).WhydoesourKongzibecomeConfuciusinthewest?ConfuciusisaLatinizednamebestoweduponKongzibyJesuitmissionariesinthe18thcentury,whichisacriticaltimewhenmissionariesintroducedChineseculturetotheWest.论语:TheAnalects,orLunyu,purportstobearecordoftheteachingofConfuciusandhisdisciples.ItisanenduringclassicofChinesecultureandhasinfluencedallthinkers,writersandpoliticiansintheover-2,000-year-longhistoryofChinaafterConfucius.Noscholarcouldtrulyunderstandthelong-standingcultureortheinnerworldoftheancientChinesewithoutthisbook.TheAnalectsisnota“book”inthesensethatmostmodernWesternersusuallyunderstandabook—thatis,acoherentargumentorstorypresentedbyasingleauthor,tobedigestedaloneinthequietofstudy.Itisinsteadarecord—somewhathaphazardlycollectedandeditedtogetheratanunknownpointinhistory—ofadynamicprocessofteaching,andmostlikelywasonlycommittedtowritingmanyyearsaftertheMasterConfuciushadpassedaway.WhatisConfucius’viewonHeavenaccordingtotheselines?“Heavendoesnotspeakinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings(天何言哉?四时行焉,百物生焉,天何言哉?).”—SelectedfromTheAnalectsConfuciusregarded“Heaven”asnature。Confuciusbelievesthatnatureisnotalifelessmechanismseparatefromhuman;instead,itisagreatworldfulloflifeandtheprocessofcreatinglife.Humanispartofnature.The“wayofHeaven”Confucius’equationofHeavenwiththecreationoflifewasaninnovativeideainhistime.Thenaturalprocessoflifecreationwasthe“wayofHeaven”.ThisideawaslaterdevelopedinTheBookofChanges(Yijing).The“virtueofHeaven”Asthenaturalprocessofcreationoflife,Heavenwasthesourceofalllivingthingsandthesourceofallvalues.Thiswasthe“virtueofHeaven”.“Heavenlymission”天命Inthenaturalprocessofcreationoflife,Heavenhaditsinnerpurposeincreatingallthingsaswellasprotectingandimprovinglife。Heavenhadoriginatedhumanity,andhumanswereobligedtoaccomplishthispurpose.Inotherwords,humansarebornwithasenseof“heavenlymission”,andthisisthemeaningofhumanlife.子曰:吾,十有五,而志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲不逾矩。TheMastersaid,AtfifteenIsetmyheartuponlearning.Atthirty,Ihadplantedmyfeetfirmupontheground.Atforty,Inolongersufferedfromperplexities.Atfifty,IknewwhatwerethebiddingsofHeaven.Atsixty,Iheardthemwithdocileear.Atseventy,Icouldfollowthedictatesofmyownheart;forwhatIdesirednolongeroversteppedtheboundariesofright.ThesenseofaweandbeliefinHeavenConfuciusrequiredpeopletoholdHeaveninaweandclaimedthatapersonofvirtuemust“respecthisheavenlymission”,listentoandliveoutthepurposeofHeavenbycaringforandimprovinglife.UndertheinfluenceofConfucius,theancientChinesedevelopedasenseofaweandbeliefinHeaven.Howdoyouunderstandthisline?“HewhooffendsagainstHeavenhasnonetowhomhecanpray(获罪于天,无所祷也。).”—SelectedfromTheAnalectsHeaven,astheworldofever-generatinglife,wasthehighestsacredbeing,withitsprofoundmysterynevertobefullyunderstoodbymortals.HumanbeingsshouldtaketoheartthepurposeofHeavenbycherishinglife.Ifoneremained“ignorantanddisrespectfulofone’sheavenlymission”bykillingormaiminglife,onewouldbepunishedbyHeaven。HowisConfucianconceptofHeavenrelatedtothemodernecologicalcivilization?Confuciusregarded“Heaven”asnatureandthesourceoflife,andrequiredpeopletoholdHeaveninawe.Thisisthesourceofthemodernecologicalcivilization.Ren(仁)andli(礼)arethetwocoreconceptsofConfucius’doctrineaboutpeople.Ren(仁)Confuciusinterpretedreninvariousways,andthemostimportantinterpretationis“lovepeople”.Loveforthepeopleisuniversallove.Thiskindofloveshould“beginwiththeloveforone’sparents”.Theessenceofren:“filialpietyandfraternalduty”.Confuciustaughtformanyyearsandtrained3,000disciple,ofwhom72excelledinthe“sixarts(六艺)”,i.e.,ritual,music,archery,(carriage)driving,calligraphy,andmathematics.l.SkimmingandScanning(Gothroughthepassagequicklyandanswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.)1)WhatisTheAnalectsmainlyabout?TheAnalectsismainlyaboutConfucius’wordsandlifestory.2)WhatisConfucius’viewonHeaven?ConfuciusregardedHeavenasnature.3)WhatisConfucius’innovativeideaaboutHeaven?Confucius’innovativeideaaboutHeavenisthatHeaven(ornature)istheprocessoflifecreation.4)Whatdoesthe“heavenlymission”inParagraph7referto?The“heavenlymission”inParagraph7referstoaccomplishingHeaven’spurposeofprotectingandimprovinglife.5)HowisConfucius’conceptofHeavenrelatedtothemodernecologicalcivilization?Confuciusadvocated“standinginaweoftheordinancesofHeaven”andwarnedagainstoffendingHeaven.Thisis,inessence,equivalenttothemodernideaofstayinginharmonywithn
本文标题:英语-Confucian-Thought-on-Heaven-and-Humanity
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