英文介绍中国China

ChineseAgricultureAgriculturalPopulation%ofpopasagpopulation19842003China7365USA32WorldTradeImports--#5soybeans,cotton,palmoil,wheat,woolExports--#12pork,chicken,tobacco,tea,garlic(worldleader)Briefhistory1958–theGreatLeapForward*Neededtomakealotofprogressfast,toerasefailuresofthe1st5-yearplan*Toaccomplishthis,surplusrurallaborwastobemobilizedtomakeagriculturemoreefficient–people’scommunes*Communesconsistedof6,000–40,000farmworkers*98%offarmpopulationwasorganized–movedfamiliesintodormitories,fedincommunaldininghallsandteamsoflaborerstransportedwhereneededQuicklybecameevidentthatcommunesofthissizewereunwieldy1958harvestwasgood,but1959-1961haddisastrousdeclinesinagproduction(14-16%)*Widespreadfamineoccurred*From1958-1961,over14millionpeoplediedofstarvationSizewasscaledback,butcommuneswerebasicoffarmproductionuntil1980’s*From1961–1966,farmoutputgrewanavg.of9.6%/year–quitegood1966–1968CulturalRevolution*Ruralareaslessaffectedthancities,butagproductionstagnated*Agproductionbegantoimproveinthemid-70’sLate1970’s,administratorsexperimentedwithsmallerfarms*Quitesuccessful*Collectivefarmswereabolishedby1984*Technologyleveldidnotimprove,howeverTodayTechnologylevelisincreasingFarmincomeisincreasingNumberoffarmersisdecreasingChinaasacompetitor:*Labor-intensiveproduceandlivestockaremorefavorablyproducedinChinaduetolowlaborcosts*Predictedtobethe#1competitorforU.S.horticultureChinaasabuyer:*#1buyerforsoybeans(soybeansoriginatedinChina)*Predictedtobethe#1buyerforcorn(bothChinaandIndiawillsoonbebiginthemarket)CerealgrainChinais#1with423millionMTUSAis#2with387millionMTChina’stopcerealgrains:1.Rice--187millMT#1India#2@124millMTUSAis#[e-mail](Maize)–132millMT#2USAis#1at298millMTBrazil#[e-mail]–91millMT#1Indiais#2at72millMTUSA#3at59millMTCerealgrainproduction300,000,000.00350,000,000.00400,000,000.00450,000,000.00500,000,000.0019851987198919911993199519971999200120032005TopCrops--China1.Rice187millMT2.Corn132millMT3.SweetPotatoes106millMT4.SugarCane93millMT5.Wheat91millMT6.Potatoes75millMT7.Watermelon68millMT8.Cabbage33millMT9.Tomatoes30millMT10.Cucumbers26millMTProductioncomparison(millionmetricton)ChinaUSARice18710Corn132298Wheat9159Sugarcane9328Soybeans1886SugarBeets627Potatoes7520MeatProduction(millMT)ChinaUSABeef6.311.2Lamb1.90.9Pork47.89.3Poultry13.618.0Total72.6(#1)38.9(#2)Theypassedusin1989TotalMeatProduction(millMT)010203040506070801985198719891991199319951997199920012003NutrientConsumptionChinaUSACalories2,9513,774+28%Protein81.5114.0+40%Fat90.3156.5+73%FoodConsumptionComparison(kg/capita/yr)ChinaUSAAlcohol27.2101.6Cereals166.6112.5Fruits47.3110.3Vegetables254.1127.7Refinedsugar6.030.2Meat52.5124.1CurrentIssuesGMO’s–veryprogressive*Currentlyhaveonesoybean,twocornandtwocottonGMOvarieties,plusvegetables–experimentingwithriceGMO’sAbout80%,slightlymorethantheU.S.,areinfavororGMOcropsMonsantohasseveralvarietiesinChinaCurrentlyhas3.7millionhectaressowntoGMOcrops(about9.25millionacres)#5countryintheworldforacreageFinancingPriortojoiningtheWTO,Chineseagriculturewasratherheavilysubsidized–tryingtoadjust–partofjoiningtheWTORuralfinancialsystemiscontrolledbythegovernment*Thesystemhasproblemsingettingfinancingoutintothecountryside*Manynon-performingloanspersistWaterAbouthalfofChina’sarablelandisinthenorth,whichisadrierareaWatertransportandconservationaremajorissuesResearchisongoingonseedvarietieswithhigheryieldsandlowerwateruseDesertificationProcessofturning“normal”landintodesert*Wind*Dryair*NogoodcropcoverGreatGreenWallWillreducethesandstormthreattoBeijingDesertificationcantakeovercitiesGreatGreenWallwillbe4,480kilometerslong(~2,600miles)Willprotect60%ofChina’scultivatedacresatacostof$433millionWillhelpreducethewaterproblemBegunin1978,willbecompletelyfinishedin2050SightseeingTheancientModerncitiesTheaestheticGardensChairmanMaoAmericanInfluenceBicyclesEverywhereManualLaborRiceRealChineseFoodTheGreatWallPandas