托福阅读TPO24-3-Moving-into-Pueblos

MovingintoPueblosIntheMesaVerdeareaoftheancientNorthAmericanSouthwest,livingpatternschangedinthethirteenthcentury,withlargenumbersofpeoplemovingintolargecommunaldwellingscalledpueblos,oftenconstructedattheedgesofcanyons,especiallyonthesidesofcliffs.Abandoningsmallextended-familyhouseholdstomoveintotheselargepuebloswithdozensifnothundredsofotherpeoplewasprobablytraumatic.Fewoftheculturaltraditionsandrulesthattodayallowustodealwithdensepopulationsexistedforthesepeopleaccustomedtohouseholdautonomyandtheabilitytomovearoundthelandscapealmostatwill.Andbesidestheawkwardnessofhavingtosharewallswithneighbors,livinginaggregatedpueblosintroducedotherproblems.Forpeopleincliffdwellings,haulingwater,wood,andfoodtotheirhomeswasamajorchore.Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmth,wasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.Givenallthedisadvantagesoflivinginaggregatedtowns,whydidpeopleinthethirteenthcenturymoveintothesecloselypackedquarters?Fortransitionsofsuchsuddenness,archaeologistsconsidereitherpullfactors(benefitsthatdrewfamiliestogether)orpushfactors(someexternalthreatorcrisisthatforcedpeopletoaggregate).Inthiscase,pushexplanationsdominate.Populationgrowthisconsideredaparticularlyinfluentialpush.Afterseveralgenerationsofpopulationgrowth,peoplepackedthelandscapeindensitiessohighthatcommunalpueblosmayhavebeenanecessaryoutcome.AroundSandCanyon,forexample,populationsgrewfrom5-12peoplepersquarekilometerinthetenthcenturytoasmanyas30-50bythe1200s.Asdensitiesincreased,domesticarchitecturebecamelarger,culminatingincrowdedpueblos.Somescholarsexpandonthisideabyemphasizingacorrespondingneedforarablelandtofeedgrowingnumbersofpeople:constructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesindicatesthatfarmerswereintensifyingtheireffortsduringthe1200s.Competitionforgoodfarmlandmayalsohavepromptedpeopletobondtogethertoassertrightsoverthebestfields.AnotherimportantpushwastheonsetoftheLittleIceAge,aclimaticphenomenonthatledtocoolertemperaturesintheNorthernHemisphere.AlthoughtheheightoftheLittleIceAgewasstillaroundthecorner,someevidencesuggeststhattemperatureswerefallingduringthethirteenthcentury.Theenvironmentalchangesassociatedwiththistransitionarenotfullyunderstood,butpeoplelivingclosesttotheSanJuanMountains,tothenortheastofMesaVerde,wereaffectedfirst.Growingfoodattheseelevationsisalwaysdifficultbecauseoftheshortgrowingseason.AstheLittleIceAgeprogressed,farmersprobablymovedtheirfieldstolowerelevations,infringingonthelandsofotherfarmersandpushingpeopletogether,thuscontributingtotheaggregations.ArchaeologistsidentifyacorrespondingshiftinpopulationstowardthesouthandwesttowardMesaVerdeandawayfromhigherelevations.Inthefaceofallthesepushes,peopleintheMesaVerdeareahadyetanotherreasontomoveintocommunalvillages:theneedforgreatercooperation.SharingandcooperationwerealmostcertainlypartofearlyPuebloanlife,evenforpeoplelivinginlargelyindependentsingle-householdresidencesscatteredacrossthelandscape.Archaeologistsfindthateventhemostisolatedresidencesduringtheeleventhandtwelfthcenturiesobtainedsomepottery,andprobablyfood,fromsomedistanceaway,whilemajorceremonialeventswereopportunitiesforsharingfoodandcrafts.Scholarsbelievethatthiscooperationallowedpeopletocontendwithapatchyenvironmentinwhichprecipitationandotherresourcesvariedacrossthelandscape:ifyouproducealotoffoodoneyear,youmighttradeitforpotterymadebyadistantallywhoishavingdifficultywithcrops—andthenextyear,theflowofgoodsmightgointheoppositedirection.Butallofthisappearstohavechangedthirteenthcentury.Althoughtheclimateremainedasunpredictableaseverbetweenoneyearandthenext,itbecamemuchlesslocallydiverse.Inabadyearforfarming,everyonewasequallyaffected.Nolongerwasithelpfultosharewidely.Instead,themostsensiblethingwouldbeforneighborstocombineeffortstoproduceasmuchfoodaspossible,andthusaggregatedtownswereasensiblearrangement.Paragraph1:IntheMesaVerdeareaoftheancientNorthAmericanSouthwest,livingpatternschangedinthethirteenthcentury,withlargenumbersofpeoplemovingintolargecommunaldwellingscalledpueblos,oftenconstructedattheedgesofcanyons,especiallyonthesidesofcliffs.Abandoningsmallextended-familyhouseholdstomoveintotheselargepuebloswithdozensifnothundredsofotherpeoplewasprobablytraumatic.Fewoftheculturaltraditionsandrulesthattodayallowustodealwithdensepopulationsexistedforthesepeopleaccustomedtohouseholdautonomyandtheabilitytomovearoundthelandscapealmostatwill.Andbesidestheawkwardnessofhavingtosharewallswithneighbors,livinginaggregatedpueblosintroducedotherproblems.Forpeopleincliffdwellings,haulingwater,wood,andfoodtotheirhomeswasamajorchore.Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmth,wasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.1.Thewordtraumaticmeaningto○Essential○highlystressful○highlyunusual○unwise2.Thewordintenseinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○strong○questionable○obvious○deliberate3.Accordingtoparagraph1,beforethethirteenthcenturythepeopleofsouthwesternNorthAmerica