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100Aseriouscritichastocomprehendtheparticularcontent,uniquestructure,andspecialmeaningofaworkofart.Andhereshefacesadilemma.Thecriticmustrecognizetheartisticelementofuniquenessthatrequiressubjectivereaction;yetshemustnotbeundulyprejudicedbysuchreactions.Itisnecessarythatacriticdevelopasensibilityinformedbyfamiliaritywiththehistoryofartandaesthetictheory.Ontheotherhand,itisinsufficienttotreattheartworksolelyhistorically,inrelationtoafixedsetofideasorvalues.Thecritic‘sknowledgeandtrainingare,rather,apreparationofthecognitiveandemotionalabilitiesneededforanadequatepersonalresponsetoanartwork‘sownparticularqualities.(118words)9.Selectthesentencethatgivesareasonwhyitisinsufficienttotreataworkofartsolelyhistorically.10.Theauthor‘sargumentisdevelopedprimarilybytheuseof(A)anattackonsentimentality(B)anexampleofsuccessfulartcriticism(C)acritiqueofartiststraining(D)awarningagainstextremesinartcriticism(E)ananalogybetweenartcriticismandartproduction101Exercise18TheoristsaredividedconcerningtheoriginoftheMoon.SomehypothesizethattheMoonwasformedinthesamewayasweretheplanetsintheinnersolarsystem(Mercury,Venus,Mars,andEarth)—fromplanet-formingmaterialsinthepresolarnebula.But,unlikethecoresoftheinnerplanets,theMoon‘scorecontainslittleornoiron,whilethetypicalplanet-formingmaterialswerequiterichiniron.OthertheoristsproposethattheMoonwasrippedoutoftheEarth‘srockymantlebytheEarth‘scollisionwithanotherlargecelestialbodyaftermuchoftheEarth‘sironfelltoitscore.OneproblemwiththecollisionhypothesisisthequestionofhowasatelliteformedinthiswaycouldhavesettledintothenearlycircularorbitthattheMoonhastoday.Fortunately,thecollisionhypothesisistestable.Ifitistrue,themantlerocksoftheMoonandtheEarthshouldbethesamegeochemically.(155words)Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply1.Accordingtothepassage,MarsandtheEartharesimilarinwhichofthefollowingways?ATheirsatelliteswereformedbycollisionswithothercelestialbodies.BTheircorescontainiron.CTheywereformedfromthepresolarnebula.2.Theauthorimpliesthatanearlycircularorbitisunlikelyforasatellitethat(A)circlesoneoftheinnerplanets(B)isdeficientiniron(C)isdifferentfromitsplanetgeochemically(D)wasformedbyacollisionbetweentwocelestialbodies(E)wasformedoutoftheplanet-formingmaterialsinthepresolarnebula3.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldbemostlikelytomakeitdifficulttoverifythecollisionhypothesisinthemannersuggestedbytheauthor?(A)TheMoon‘scoreandmantlerockarealmostinactivegeologically.(B)ThemantlerockoftheEarthhaschangedincompositionsincetheformationoftheMoon,whilethemantlerockoftheMoonhasremainedchemicallyinert.(C)MuchoftheEarth‘sironfelltotheEarth‘scorelongbeforetheformationoftheMoon,afterwhichtheEarth‘smantlerockremainedunchanged.(D)CertainoftheEarth‘selements,suchasplatinum,gold,andiridium,followedirontotheEarth‘score.(E)ThemantlerockoftheMooncontainselementssuchasplatinum,gold,andiridium.102Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland‘spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicy,dominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectives,generatedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.Inarecentstudy,StephenSaundersWebbhaspresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebb,EnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesII,theEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685,asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwell,allofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland‘spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcalls―garrisongovernment.‖Garrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthority,inWebb‘sview,belongedtothecolonialgovernor,whowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythe―garrison,‖thatis,bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor‘scommand.AccordingtoWebb,thepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclasses,acoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.Itwas,accordingtoWebb,thecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmer,opposedtheplantationsystem,andtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.Backedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrison,thesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchants,alliedinthecolonialassemblies,fromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy.Webb‘sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolution,buthisviewofthecrown‘suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland‘smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacentury,butitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesII,theEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeam