词汇学Chapter 3

2020/6/28WordFormation1Chapter3WordFormation2020/6/28WordFormation2Somebasicconceptsofword-formation(1)Word-formationrules=definethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords.Example:1.Adj.+N+ed=adj.2.N+N+ed=adj.3.N+en=verb4.Adj.+en=verb2020/6/28WordFormation3Examplesoftherules:Long-handed;red-handed,;Pig-headed;time-honored;Strengthen,hearten,threaten;Weaken,soften,darken,etc.2020/6/28WordFormation4Somebasicconceptsofword-formation(2)Notallwordswhichresultfromtheapplicationoftheruleareacceptable.Ex.Short-handed,black-handed,sheep-headed,time-dishonored,nosen,booken,strongenarenotacceptableEnglishwords.2020/6/28WordFormation5Root,stem,base:Root=notfurtheranalyzable,eitherderivationallyorinflectionally.(compoundwords=tworoots)Stem=isofconcernonlywhendealingwithinflectionalmorphology=thepartofawordwhichremainswheninflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Base=anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeaddedor=aformtowhicharuleofwordformationisapplied.2020/6/28WordFormation6Thedifferencebetweenroot,baseandstem:Thedifferencebetweenrootandbase=arootisindivisiblewhileabaseisdivisibleeitherderivationallyorinflectionallyorevenbothderivationallyandinflectionally.Thedifferencebetweenbaseandstemisthatbothderivationalandinflectionalaffixescanbeaddedtoabase,whileonlyinflectionalaffixescanbeaddedtoastem.2020/6/28WordFormation7TheThreeMajorProcessesofWordFormation2020/6/28WordFormation8WordFormationCompoundingDerivationConversionThreeMajorProcesses2020/6/28WordFormation9CompoundingorWord-compoundingreferstothefacultyanddeviceoflanguagetoformnewwordsbycombiningorputtingtogetheroldwords.Inotherwords,compound,compoundingorword-compoundingoccurswhenapersonattachestwoormorewordstogethertomakethemoneword.2020/6/28WordFormation10Themeaningsofthewordsinterrelateinsuchawaythatanewmeaningcomesoutwhichisverydifferentfromthemeaningsofthewordsinisolation.2020/6/28WordFormation11DefinitionofCompoundingorthographiccriterionphonologicalcriterionsemanticcriterionCriteria2020/6/28WordFormation12DefinitionofCompoundsSolidcompoundsHyphenatedcompoundsOpencompoundsOrthographiccriterion2020/6/28WordFormation13Orthographiccriterion:Solid=backache;backbite;backbone;backdoor(method)阴谋;background;backstrokeHyphenated=back-bench;back-bencher;back-country;back-yardOpen=backend（英俗）秋天；backlining衬垫物，衬板;backpay应付而未付的薪金;backseat;backtalk2020/6/28WordFormation14Phonologicalcriteriona)singlestressonthefirstelementb)b)primarystressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonasecondelementc)Forexamplesseepage56oftextbook.2020/6/28WordFormation15SemanticclassificationAcommonsemanticclassificationofcompoundsyieldsfourtypes:endocentricexocentriccopulativeappositional2020/6/28WordFormation16Anendocentriccompoundconsistsofahead,i.e.thecategoricalpartthatcontainsthebasicmeaningofthewholecompound,andmodifiers,whichrestrictthismeaning.Forexample,theEnglishcompounddoghouse,wherehouseistheheadanddogisthemodifier,isunderstoodasahouseintendedforadog.Endocentriccompoundstendtobeofthesamepartofspeech(wordclass)astheirhead,asinthecaseofdoghouse.2020/6/28WordFormation17Exocentriccompounds(calledabahuvrihicompoundintheSanskrittradition)donothaveahead,andtheirmeaningoftencannotbetransparentlyguessedfromitsconstituentparts.Forexample,theEnglishcompoundwhite-collarisneitherakindofcollarnorawhitething.2020/6/28WordFormation18Copulativecompoundsarecompoundswhichhavetwosemanticheads.Appositionalcompoundsrefertolexemesthathavetwo(contrary)attributeswhichclassifythecompound.2020/6/28WordFormation19Inanexocentriccompound,thewordclassisdeterminedlexically,disregardingtheclassoftheconstituents.Forexample,amust-haveisnotaverbbutanoun.Themeaningofthistypeofcompoundcanbeglossedas(one)whoseBisA,whereBisthesecondelementofthecompoundandAthefirst.2020/6/28WordFormation20Abahuvrihicompoundisonewhosenatureisexpressedbyneitherofthewords:thusawhite-collarpersonisneitherwhitenoracollar(thecollar'scolourisametaphorforsocioeconomicstatus).2020/6/28WordFormation21Semanticcriteria:Acombinationformingaunitexpressingasingleidea,themeaningcanbea)derivedfromthecombinedlexicalmeaningsorb)themeaningisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofthecombiningparts,forexample:A:birthdayparty;backdoor;bluebelt;ghostdance;树根；针眼B:birthdaysuit;backend;blueblood;ghostwriter;fingerman;dogday;flatfoot;blueribbon=anhonor；心眼儿；茶根2020/6/28WordFormation22ClassificationofCompounds(1)Nouncompoundsa.subject+verb/verb+subjectb.verb+objectc.verb+adverbial/adverbial+verbd.subject+objecte.Restrictiverelationf.Appositiverelation2020/6/28WordFormation23ClassificationofCompounds(2)AdjectiveCompounda.Subjectandverbb.Verbandobjectc.Verbandadverbiald.Nounandadjective2020/6/28WordFormation24ClassificationofCompounds(3)Verbcompoundsa.Formedbybackformationb.Formedbyconversion2020/6/28WordFormation25DerivationDefinition:Derivationisaprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.2020/6/28WordFormation26Wordswithcombiningformsa)prefix+