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ConversionConversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclasswithouttheadditionofaffixes.attackattackinvadeinvasionConversionalsoincludescaseswherethewordundergoesnotonlychangeinword-classbutalsosemanticchangeandphonologicalchange.semanticchange:mushroomn.v.shiftofstress:compound/permitdifferentpronunciation:house/closezeroderivation/conversionShesingledhimoutatoncesapossiblevictim.simpleWashingmachines____ourlife.让名词“动”起来1、table:名词,桌子;当动词用,是指开会时延期讨论提案等,也就是暂缓审议。(topostponediscussionofabillorsuggestionuntilfuturetime);例如:Theytabledthemotionatthemeeting.会议决定延期讨论该提案。Imadethemotionandhesecondedit.我提案,他同意。second这里是动词,意思是赞成;tosecondthemotion也就是附议。2、pride:名词,荣誉;当动词用,是指感到得意或自豪。(totakeprideinsomething)例如:Wepridedourselvesonourgoodwork.Ihavelongpridedmyselfonbeingagoodteacher.3、carpet:名词,地毯;当动词用,是覆盖的意思。(tocoversomething)例如:Theflowergirlscarpetedthefloorwithrosepetalsbeforethebride'sentrance.Duringthewintertimemyroofiscarpetedwithwhitesnow.4、floor:名词,地板;当动词用,是踩足汽车的油门,加速开车或使人惊讶。(topressacceleratorofacartothefloorinordertospeedup;ortoastonishsomeone)例如:Whenyouseeapolicecar,don'tfloorit.Thenewsreallyflooredme;Ihadn'tbeenexpectingitatall.5、top:名词,顶端;做动词用,是做得更好,或高过某人。(todosomethingbetterortobetallerthansomeone)例如:Ifhehadtriedharder,hecouldhavetoppedhisclass.Thetax-cutissuewilltoptoday'sagenda.6、flag:名词,旗帜;当动词用,是指打旗号或做手势来传达讯息。(togivesignalforcommunication7、bridge:名词,桥梁、桥牌;当动词用,是连接或沟通的意思。(toconnect)8、club:名词,俱乐部、高尔夫球棒;当动词用,意思是用棍棒打人。(tobeatsomeonewithastick)9、soldier:名词,士兵;当动词用,是指不畏困难,坚持下去。(toforgeaheadnomatterwhatdifficultyis)10、duck:名词,鸭子;当动词用,是逃避、躲避、回避的意思。(totrytoavoid)11、chair:名词,椅子、主席(chairperson);当动词用,是担任主席(tobeachairperson)12、doctor:名词,医生、大夫;当动词用,是指窜改、对……做手脚。(tochange,esp.inadishonestway)13、cushion:名词,坐垫;当动词用,是指缓和,缓和或降低对某事的撞击或震动(tosoftenordecreaseimpactofsomething)14、cap:名词,便帽;当动词用,是指限额、约束或制止。(tolimitsomething)15、showcase:名词,陈列柜;当动词用,是指展览或亮相(tohighlight)。16、grandfather:名词,祖父;当动词用,是指保护(免受限制)或保持现状(toprotectortokeepthesamestatus)。17、corner:名词,角落或壁角;当动词用,是指将某人逼入困境或令人无地自容(toputsomeoneinabadspot)。18、distance:名词,距离;当动词用,是指冷淡、疏远或与某人保持距离(tokeepyourselfadistancefromsomeone)。19、book:名词,书本;当动词用,是指预订飞机座位、机票、旅馆房间等。此外还指警方将……登记如册以为指控之用(topresschargeagainstsomeone,generallybythepolice)。20、house:名词,房屋;当动词用,是指供给住所(toprovideshelter)。21、radio:名词,收音机;当动词用,是指用无线电发送讯息,广播,发报(tosendamessage)。22、dog:名词,狗;当动词用,是指尾随某人,困扰某人或某事(tobothersomeoneorsomething)。Hewasdoggedwhereverhewent.23、fare:名词,票价;当动词用,是指过活、进展(togetalongortoturnout)。例如:Ifhegetscaughtforshoplifting,hemayfareapunishment.24、father:名词,父亲;当动词用,是指为人父(tobegetachild)。例如:Hehasfatheredtwochildrenbeforehisremarriage.Awordmayundergomultipleconversion:Hewasknockedoutinthefirstround.Somedriversroundcornerstoorapidly.Theneighborsgatheredroundourbarbecue.Themoonwasbrightandround.Peoplecamefromalltheworldround.Typesofconversion:Conversiontonouns:1)v.n.2)adj.n.Conversiontoverbs:1)n.v.2)adj.v.Conversiontoadjectives:1)n.adj.Conversiontonoun1.verbtonoun:Helikesaquietsmokeaftersupper.Herhusbandisagoodcatch.Theysayhe’sveryrich.(find,spit,answer)Heisagreatbore.(cheat,spy,coach,sneak,tramp,rebel)Hesatatthetopofasmallrise.Theclothmakesagoodcoverforthetable.Thisisthedividebetweenthetworivers.phrasalverbsnounsbreakdown崩溃break-upbreakthroughtake-offbuild-up组合dropout退学学生frame-up陷害get-away脱身get-together联欢会hold-upsell-outThebreakdownofthecarwasannoying.Thebreak-upoftheirmarriagewasknowntousall.Thetake-offoftheplanewassmoothandefficient.Thecave-inoftheroofcausedanumberofinjuresamongtheminers.Thehold-upwasirritating.Imethimataget-together.Itmusebeaframe-up.Heisalwaysafaithfulfriend.2.adj.n.twogroups:1)fullconversion:anative,twonatives,thenative’sawhite,aliberal,agiven,adrunk,finals,drinkablesHe’sanaturalforthejob.Theyoungmarriedswereinvitedtotheparty.Tomisoneofourregulars;hecomesinforadrinkaboutthistimeeverynight.2)partialconversionthewealthy,theignorant,thekind,theyoung,theold,therich,thepoor,thedeaf,theblindthewounded,thedeceased,thedeserted,thedeparted,thecondemned,theaccused,thewicked各种各样的“人品”1、awiseguy骄傲自大的人。这里的wise并不表示“聪明”,相反它含有讽刺的意味。Alic’sallright,Iguess,butsometimeshe’ssuchawiseguy.据我看,亚历克这个人还不赖,不过有时候太狂妄自大了。有时候本词组还用于朋友之间的调侃。Who’sthewiseguythattookmylunchbox?是哪位机灵的大爷拿走了我的饭盒?2、ashrinkingviolet畏首畏尾的人。原意为“正在发蔫的紫罗兰”。紫罗兰在背阴的地方悄悄地开花,所以violet是谦虚的象征,代表“腼腆的人”,但加上shrinking意思就有了变化。Georgehasaverygoodmind.Hewouldrisefastintheworldifheweren’tsuchashrinkingviolet.乔治很聪明。如果他不是一个畏首畏尾的人,在社会上早就出人头地了。3、abackseatdriver不在权限范围内而指手划脚的人。在美国开车出门是许多人生活的一部分。开车的技术当然每个人都不一样,一般来说,开车的人都不太愿意被别人指指点点。所以我们把那些老是喜欢在后面给开车的人提出不必要的指导和建议的人叫做backseatdriver。Oneplacewhereyoufindlotsofbackseatdriversisinpolitics.要说指手画脚的人,在政界你可以找到好多。4、awetblanket令人扫兴的人。这一表达的来源是:当发生火灾的时候,为了扑火,把湿毛毯盖到火上。后用来指在社交场合泼冷水、令人扫兴的人。I’msorrytobesuchawetblanket,butI’mafraidIhavetogohomenow.我让大家扫兴,实在太对不起了。不过,我现在必须回家啦5、alatebloomer大器晚成的人。原意是“迟开的花”,与人大器晚成相似。Paulwassuchaslowworkeratfirstthatwealmostfiredhim,butheprovedtobealatebloomer.保罗初来时工作非常迟钝,我们几乎要开除他,但最终证实他是一个有潜力的人。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