词汇学Word_fromation_1

EnglishLexicologyWordFormation(1)Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.“Languageisman’swayofcommunicationwithhisfellowmanandItislanguagealonewhichseparatehimfromtheloweranimals”Whatislinguistics?Generallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication.Whatislexicology?Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.WhatIsaWord?Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。VocabularySizeSpeakingvocabulary----activevocabularywritingvocabulary------activevocabularyreadingvocabulary------passivevocabularyguessvocabulary--------passivevocabularyLanguagecanbedefinedas“anarbitraryvocalsystemusedforhumancommunication”.Bysystemwemeanthattheelementsinalanguagearearrangedaccordingtocertainrules,butnotatrandom.Elementsatalowerlevelarecombinedaccordingtocertainrulestoformelementsatahigherlevel.Specially,Languagepresentsitselfasahierarchyindifferentaspects.Asisshowninthefollowinghierarchicalrankscale,languagerisesformmorphemeatthebottomuptothesentenceatthetopintermsoflexicography.(词典编纂)ContentsBasicsofmorphology（词态学）MaintypesofWordbuildingAffixationCompoundingConversionBasicsofmorphologyMorphemeMorpheme,Morph,AllomorphComplementarydistributionClassificationofMorphemesRoot,stems&affixesBound/root,morphemesInflectionalandDerivationalMorphemesSumMorphemeThemorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.(lexicalandgrammaticalmeaning)Amorphememusthaveameaning,anditisthesmallestunitofmeaning(thesmallestsound-meaningunionwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedintosmallerunits)MorphemeThewordladycanbedividedintotwosyllables(la.dy),butitconsistsofjustonemorpheme,becauseasyllablehasnothingtodowithmeaning.Theworddisagreeablecanbedividedintofivesyllables(dis.a.gree.a.ble),butitconsistsofonlythreemorphemes(dis+agree+able).Thewordbookscontainsonlyonesyllable,butitconsistsoftwomorphemes(book+s)(Notice:themorpheme–shasagrammaticalmeaning[Plural])books/-s/pigs/-z/boxes/-iz/Amorphisaphysicalformrepresentingacertainmorphemeinalanguage.Sometimesdifferentmorphsmayrepresentthesamemorpheme;i.e.,amorphememaytakedifferentforms.Ifso,theyarecalledallomorphsofthatmorpheme.Morpheme,Morph,Allomorphtwodifferentspellingforms，andthreedifferentphonologicalforms,butthesedifferentformsrepresentthesamegrammaticalmeaning[Plural])ComplementaryDistributionAllomorphsaremorphsincomplementarydistribution;i.e.theyareneverfoundinidenticalcontexts.Thechoiceofallomorphusedinagivencontextisnormallybasedonthepropertiesoftheneighboringsounds.Example:Thethirdpersonsingularverbsuffixandthepluralnominalsuffix–sinEnglish[s][z][iz]morphememorphmorphmorphPLURALComplementaryDistributionmorphemenegativemorphemein-morph1:immorph2:inmorph3:inimpossibleindecentincomplete[imp---][ind---][iŋk---]bilabialstopvelarnasalalveolarstopbilabialnasalalveolarstopvelarstopClassificationofMorphemesMorphemescanbeclassifiedinvariousways.freeorboundrootoraffixinflectionalorderivationalFreeandBoundMorphemesWecandividereaderintoreadand–er.However,wecannotsplitreadintosmallermorphemes.Thismeansthatthewordreadisitselfasinglemorpheme.Amorphemewhichcanstandaloneasawordiscalledafreemorpheme.Bycontrast,-erhastocombinewithothermorphemes.Soitisaboundmorpheme.naturenaturalnaturalistnaturalisticnaturalismunnaturalStem/base:rootplusaffixes;astemisalsocalledabase.affixes:boundmorphemeswhichattachtorootsorstems.Root:thebasicmorphemewhichprovidesthecentralmeaninginawordsimplewordComplexWordnature+al=naturalun+nature+al=unnaturalRoot,stems&affixesrootaffixStem/basecomplexwordStem/baseaffix....nature-al-istaffixRoot,stems&affixesboundroot,morphemes-ceive:receive;perceive;conceive;deceive-mit:permit;commit;transmit;admit;remit;submitAllmophemesareboundorfree.Affixesareboundmorphemes.Rootmorphemes,canbeboundorfree.FreeBoundRootdog,cat,run,school…(per)ceive,(re)mit,(homo)geneous,…Affix(friend)ship,re(do),(sad)ly…ceivewasonceawordinLatin‘totake’,butinModernEnglish,itisnolongeraword,soitisnotafreemorpheme.Exampleofboundrootrevivevitaminvitalvivaciousvividviv-id:havingthequalityoflifere-vive:toliveagain,tobringbacktolifevit-amin:lifemedicineLatinrootviv-/vit-meaning“life”or“tolive”.vit-al:fulloflifeviv-acious:fulloflifeInflectionalandDerivationalMorphemesAffixescanbedividedintoinflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemes.Thisreflectstwomajormorphological(wordbuilding)processes:DerivationInflectionHelpstomakenewlexicalwordsHelpsto‘wrap’lexicalwordsforvariousgrammaticalfunctionsInflectionalMorphemesInflectionalmorphemesdonotchangegrammaticalcategoryofthebasetowhichtheyareattached.Theydonotchangethemeaningofthebase.Theyonlycarryrelevantgrammaticalinformation,e.g.plural.Thus,bookandbooksarebothnounsr