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2014年英语国家概况复习提纲一、考试题型1、选择题（15%）：10个小题，每题1.5分。2、填空题（15%）：10个空格，每空1.5分。3、术语翻译（英译汉20%）：10术语，每个术语2分。4、名词解释（15%）：5个术语，每个3分。5、简答题（20%）：5个小题，每题4分。6、论述题（15%）：2个小题选答1题。二、考试范围美国部分：UnitOne,UnitTwo,UnitThree,UnitFour,UnitSix,UnitSeven,UnitEight,UnitNine。英国部分：UnitOne,UnitTwo,UnitFour,UnitNine.加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰部分：2000年—2013年历届专八试题中的相关内容（参见“美国文化网”）。三、考试依据教材、课程PPT、2000年—2013年历届专八试题中的相关内容四、考试重点1、重点翻译术语：(1)NewFrontier新边疆(2)theCivilRightsMovement民权运动(3)theGreatSociety伟大社会(4)theCountercultureMovement反主流文化运动(5)theNewLeftMovement新左派运动(6)theAnti-WarMovement反战运动(7)thePopulistParty人民党(8)StarWars星球大战(9)MonroeDoctrine门罗主义(10)TrumanDoctrine杜鲁门主义(11)theMarshallPlan马歇尔计划(12)theMissileCrisis导弹危机(13)theHouseUn-AmericanActivitiesCommittee众议院非美活动调查委员会(14)WASP白人盎格鲁—撒克逊新教徒(15)indenturedservants契约佣工(16)theCivilWar美国内战(17)theNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople全国有色人种协进会(18)modelminority模范少数族裔(19)IndianReservations印第安人保留区(20)GoldRush淘金热(21)SupremeCourt最高法院(22)theCourtofAppeals上诉法院(23)theDistrictCourt地区法庭(24)judicialreview司法复审(25)theHouseofRepresentatives众议院(26)chiefjustice首席大法官(27)associatejustice大法官(28)theArticlesofConfederation《邦联条例》(29)thewinner-take-allrule赢者通吃规则/（美国总统选举中）胜者获得所有选举人选票规则(30)grants-in-aidprograms联邦拨款项目(31)themidtermelection中期选举(32)WatergateScandal水门事件丑闻(33)ElectoralCollege选举人团(34)laissezfaire自由放任(35)ShermanAntitrustAct谢尔曼反托拉斯法(36)NewDeal新政(37)SocialSecuritysystem社会保障制度(38)FoodStamp食物劵(39)AidtoFamilieswithDependentChildren未成年人家庭援助计划(40)originaljurisdiction初审管辖权(41)grandjury大陪审团(42)petitjury小陪审团(43)theDepartmentofJustice司法部(44)theAttorneyGeneral司法部长/总检察长(45)theSolicitorGeneral司法部副部长/副总检察长(46)CommonLaw习惯法(47)civillaw民法(48)criminallaw刑法(49)theFederalBureauofInvestigation美国联邦调查局(50)dueprocessoflaw正当法律程序(51)charterschool特许公立学校(52)schoolvoucher教育劵(53)associatedegree准学位(54)communitycollege社区大学(55)theBilingualEducationAct双语教育法(56)affirmativeactionprogram积极行动方案(57)reversediscrimination反向歧视(58)compulsoryeducation义务教育(59)cityuponahill山巅之城(60)theGreatAwakening大觉醒运动(61)BritishCommonwealth英联邦(62)theDepartmentofState国务院(63)SecretaryofCommerce商务部长(64)theHouseofLords贵族院、上议院(65)theHouseofCommons平民院、下议院(66)lifepeers终生贵族(67)theCrownCourt皇家法院(68)Parliamentarysovereignty议会主权(69)statutelaw成文法(70)theProgressiveMovement进步主义运动(71)theMexican-AmericanWar美墨战争(72)separationofchurchandstate政教分离(73)theNewAgeMovement新纪元运动/新时期运动(74)God’sChosenPeople上帝的选民(75)boardofeducation教育董事会(76)theadversarysystem抗辩制(77)impeachment弹劾(78)criminaljustice司法公正(79)blockgrantprogram总额补助(80)povertyline贫困线(81)Zippergatescandal拉链门绯闻(82)thesunbeltregion阳光地带(83)theConstitutionalMonarchy君主立宪制(84)civilservant公务员(85)devolution权力下放/分权(86)decentralization权力分散/分权(87)grammarschool文法学校(89)UniversityofOxford牛津大学(90)UniversityofCambridge剑桥大学(91)stateschool(inBritain)国立学校(92)independentschool(inBritain)独立学校(93)publicschool(inBritain)公学(94)publicschool(inAmerica)公立学校(95)privateschool(inAmerica)私立学校2、重点名词解释术语(1)AmericanDream:Itmeanslifeshouldbebetterandricherandfullerforeveryone,withopportunityforeachaccordingtoabilityorachievementregardlessofsocialclassorcircumstancesofbirth.(2)WASP:ItistheabbreviationofWhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestant,thegroupwhichdominatedAmericansocietyinthehistoryandstillcontrolsdisproportionatesocialandfinancialpower.(3)judicialreview:ItreferstothepoweroftheSupremeCourttodecidewhethercongressionallegislationorexecutiveactionisconstitutional.(4)federalism:Federalismisasystembasedupondemocraticrulesandinstitutionsinwhichthepowertogovernissharedbetweennationalandstategovernments,creatingwhatisoftencalledafederation.(5)themidtermelection:MidtermelectionsintheUnitedStatesrefertogeneralelectionsintheUnitedStatesthatareheldintwoyearsafterthequadrennial(four-year)electionsforthePresidentoftheUnitedStates(i.e.nearthemidpointofthefour-yearpresidentialterm).FederalofficesthatareupforelectionduringthemidtermsaremembersoftheUnitedStatesCongress,includingboththeHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate.(6)ElectoralCollege:TheUnitedStatesElectoralCollegeistheinstitutionthatofficiallyelectsthePresidentandVicePresidentoftheUnitedStateseveryfouryears.ThePresidentandVicePresidentarenotelecteddirectlybythevoters.Instead,theyareelectedbyelectorswhoarechosenbypopularvoteonastate-by-statebasis.(7)laissezfaire:Laissezfaireisaneconomicdoctrinethatopposesgovernmentalregulationoforinterferenceincommercebeyondtheminimumnecessaryforafree-enterprisesystemtooperateaccordingtoitsowneconomiclaws.(8)Medicare:ItisanationalhealthinsuranceprogramintheUnitedStatesforpersonsaged65orover,consistingabasicprogramformajorcostsofhospitalsandrelatedcareandasupplementarymedicalinsuranceprogramfordoctorbillsandotherhealthcarebills.(9)Medicaid:ItisanationalhealthinsuranceprogramintheUnitedStatesforlowincomepersons.Servicescoveredundermedicaidincludein-patienthospitalservices,nursinghomeservices,physicianservices,drugs,laboratoryservices,Xrays,andsoon.(10)grandjury（教材195页相关词条注释中第一句）(11)petitjury（教材195页相关词条注释中第一句）(12)theadversarysystem:Adversarysystemreferstoasystembywhichcompetingpartiesincourtpresenttheirviewstoanimpartialthir