M1 U1 Grammar and usage 定语从句

Unit1SchoolLifeIntroductiontoattributiveclausesLookatthefollowingphrasesandpointoutthenoun,theadjectiveortheprepositionalphraseineachofthem.anenjoyableexperiencebestfriendstherulesoftheschooladj.n.adj.n.n.prepositionalphraseWhatisthefunctionofanadjectiveorprepositionalphraseintheseexamples?modifyingthenounTranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChineseandcomparethedifferentwaystoexpressthesamemeaningsinEnglishandinChinese.anenjoyableexperiencebestfriendstherulesoftheschoolagirlwhosenamewasDianaattributiveclauseHarryPotteraboywithglassesaboywhoisbraveandwearingglassesabraveboyattributeIamanastronaut.Anastronautisaperson.Heworksandtravelsinspace.Anastronautisaperson.Heworksandtravelsinspace.whoIsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiana.IlovedthelessonsthatshegaveinEnglishLiterature.IwasgladthatallmyclassmateswerefondofthecakethatImade.IntheArtclassthatItook,Imadeasmallsculpture.定语从句的定义•在英语中，如果修饰或限制一个名词或代词的成分是一个从句，这样的从句就叫定语从句。一般说来，在句子起修饰或限制作用的都是由形容词所充当，故定语从句又称为形容词性从句。Introduction:Anattributiveclausemodifiesan./pron.inthesamewaythatanadjectiveorprepositionalphrasedoes.Then./pron.itmodifiesiscalledanantecedent（先行词）.定语从句修饰名词/代词的方式与形容词或介词短语修饰名词的方式一样。先行词是指定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。IwasgladthatallmyclassmateswerefondofthecakethatImade.相关概念•先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词（组）。•关系词：连接定语从句和主句并在定语从句中起作用的词。Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.关系词的作用：1、连接作用把主句和从句连接起来2、替代作用在从句中代替在它前面的先行词3、成分作用在从句中充当一个成分RelativesTheattributiveclausesareusuallyintroducedbyrelativepronounslikewhich,that,who,whom，asandwhose,orrelativeadverbslikewhere,whyandwhen.关系词是指引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose,as）和关系副词(where,when,why,)。•!关系代词和副词的选定取决于两个要素：•1.先行词是人还是物•2.关系代词或副词在定语从句中所充当的成分（关系代词或副词在句中一定要充当成分）Intheattributiveclausestherelativewordsusuallyfunctionasthe:在这些从句中关系词通常可以充当subject主语,object宾语,predicative表语,attribute定语,adverbial状语Functionseg.Theteamwhoarewearingredareonthecourt.subject•关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。而关系副词则在句中充当状语。Non-restrictiveattributiveclausesChina,whichliesintheeast,isadevelopingcountry.China,wherehewasborn,isabeautifulcountry.He,asisoftenthecase,waslateforschoolagain.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词关系密切（删去影响整个意思表达）和先行词关系不密切（一种补充说明，删去不影响全句意思的表达）不用逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开可用关系代词that不可用关系代词that关系代词可省略（但在从句中作宾语）关系代词不可以省略只可修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分除修饰先行词还可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分暗示被修饰的先行词不是唯一的表示被修饰的先行词是唯一的翻译时先翻译从句在翻译主句翻译时先译主句再译从句•Peoplewhotakephysicalexerciselivelonger.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)•Hisdaughter,whoisinBostonnow,iscominghomenextweek.他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)•Ihaveasisterwhoisadoctor.我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)•Ihaveasister,whoisadoctor.我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)•Peterdrovetoofast,whichwasdangerous.彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drivetoofast)•Hechangedhismind,whichmademeveryangry.•Mr.Smith,whoisourboss,willleaveforJapannextweek.我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)•Herfather,whohasalotofmoney,wisheshertostudyabroad.【2011全国卷II）7】TedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandaT-shirt,______isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.A.thisB.thatC.whatD.which【2011北京卷）26】MarywasmuchkindertoJackthanshewastotheothers,_________,ofcourse,madealltheothersupset.A.whoB.whichC.whatD.that【答案】D【答案】B注意：which和as的区别是：（1）which不能放在句首，而as则可以；（2）在句中时，as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which指“这件事”。(3)as常用于一些插入语中。asissaidabove,asisalreadymentionedabove,asisknowntoall,asitis,asisoftenthecase,asisreportedinthenewspaper,Relativepronouns:that,which,who,whom,whoseas所指成分关系词指人做主语做宾语指物做主语做宾语人定语物who/that(whom/that/who)that/which(that/which)whose/ofwhomwhose/ofwhich1)Aplaneisamachinethat/whichcanfly.2)Whowashurtintheaccidentthat/whichhappenedyesterday?3)Haveyoufoundthebike(that/which)youlost?1.which/that1)Thegirlswho/thatweren’tbadlyhurtintheaccidentaremyclassmates.2)Heknewtheteacher(that/whom/who)wemetyesterday.2.who/whom/that3.whosePleaseshowmethebook.Itscoverisred.I’llcallaperson.Hisfatherknowsyou.是代词的所有格形式,它既可以代人也可以代物。Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.I’llcallapersonwhosefatherknowsyou.whose在定语从句中作定语，表示引导词与whose后的名词为所属关系。whose多指人，也可指物，指物时可与ofwhich互换使用。指人时可用ofwhom.Pleaseshowmethebookthecoverofwhichisred.ofwhichthecoverI’llcallapersonthefatherofwhomknowsyou.ofwhomthefather1）as引导一个非限制性定语从句修饰一个分句，as代表该分句所表达的整个概念或其中一部分的概念。as定语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾；as本身在从句中充当主语、宾语及表语。2)用于thesame·······as,such······as,so·······as等结构中，并且从句中缺少成分。在任何情况下as都不能省略。4.as如：I’veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听过他讲的故事。ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlost.这本字典跟我丢失的一样。Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.1.Suchboys____youmentionedarewell.2.Itissodifficultaproblem___noonecanworkout.3.Itissodifficultaproblem_____noonecanworkitout.4.Sheworethesamehat____youarewearingnow.5.Sheiswearingthesamehat_____sheworeyesterday.PracticethatasasasthatPractice1.Theman_________standsthereisTom.2.Thegirl_______________ImetisMsLi.3.Theboy________watchwaslostisTom.4.Thebook_________liesonthedeskishis.5.Thepen___________youboughtisgood.6.Themagazine________coverisredisnice.who/that(who/whom/that)whosewhich/that(which/that)whose几种特殊的用法AttentionAllthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.Somethingthatweheardwasofgreattruth.⑴先行词是不定代词all,anything,everything,few,lit