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:BUSSERVICEELIMINATIONPLANNEDTheuniversityhasdecidedtodiscontinueitsfreebusserviceforstudents.Thereasongivenforthisdecisionisthatfewstudentsridethebusesandthebusesareexpensivetooperate.Currently,thebusesrunfromthecenterofcampuspastuniversitybuildingsandthroughsomeoftheneighborhoodssurroundingthecampus.Themoneysavedbyeliminatingthebusservicewillbeusedtoexpandtheovercrowdedstudentparkinglots.LISTENNING:ManIdon’tliketheuniversity’splan.WomanReally?I’veriddenthosebuses,andsometimestherewereonlyafewpeopleonthebus.Itdidseemlikekindofawaste.ManIseeyourpoint.ButIthinktheproblemistheroute’sout-of-date.Itonlygoesthroughtheneighborhoodsthat’vegottentooexpensiveforstudentstolivein.It’sridiculousthattheyhaven’talreadychangedtheroute—youknow,soitgoeswheremostoffcampusstudentslivenow.Ibetiftheydidthat,they’dgetplentyofstudentsridingthosebuses.WomanWell,atleastthey’readdingmoreparking.It’sgottenreallytoughtofindaspace.ManThat’stheotherpartIdon’tlike,actually.Cuttingbackthebusserviceandaddingparking’sjustgonnaencouragemorestudentstodriveoncampus.Andthat’lljustaddtothenoisearoundcampusandcreatemoretraffic...andthat’llincreasetheneedformoreparkingspaces...ManRight.Andtheuniversityshouldmakeiteasiertodothat,notharder.’splantoeliminatethebusservice.Statehisopinionandexplainthereasonshegivesforholdingthatopinion.OG1QUESTION4READING:SOCIALINTERACTIONPeopledealwitheachothereveryday.Thisinteractionisattheheartofsociallife.Thestudyofsocialinteractionisconcernedwiththeinfluencepeoplehaveoveroneanother’sbehavior.Peopletakeeachotherintoaccountintheirdailybehaviorandinfact,theverypresenceofotherscanaffectbehavior.Forexample,oneprincipleofsocialinteraction,audienceeffects,suggeststhatindividuals’workisaffectedbytheirknowledgethattheyarevisibletoothers,thatthepresenceofotherstendstoalterthewaypeoplebehaveorperformanactivityLISTENING:OK,sowesaidthatthewayweinteractwithothershasanimpactonourbehavior...Infact,there’ssomeinterestingresearchtosuggestthatinonetypeofinteraction—whenwe’rebeingobservedspecifically,whenweknowwe’rebeingwatchedasweperformsomeactivity—wetendtoincreasethespeedatwhichweperformthatactivity.Inonestudy,collegestudentswereaskedtoeachputonapairofshoes—shoeswithlacestheywouldhavetotie.Nowonegroupofstudentswastoldthattheywouldbeobserved.Thesecondgroup,however,didn’tknowtheywerebeingobserved.Thestudentswhowereawarethattheywerebeingwatchedactuallytiedtheirshoesmuchfasterthanthestudentswhothoughttheywerealone.Otherstudiesconfirmthesameistrueevenwhenwe’relearningnewactivities.Let’ssaysomeoneislearninganewtask—forexample,learninghowtotype.Whenthey’reconsciousofbeingobserved,they’lllikelybegintypingatamuchfasterratethantheywouldiftheywerealone.But,andthisisinteresting,thestudyalsoshowedthatcertaincommonbehaviorthingspeopletypicallydo,like...makingmistakeswhenyou’relearningsomethingnewthatbehaviorpatternwillalsoincrease.Soinotherwords,whenwe’relearningtotype,andweknowwe’rebeingwatched,we’lltypefasterbutwe’llalsomakemoremistakes.QUESTIONExplainhowtheexamplesoftyingshoesandlearningtotypedemonstratetheprincipleofaudienceeffects.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------OG1QUESTION5’msogladIranintoyou.WomanOhhello,ProfessorJensen.ManListen,Iknowit’sshortnotice...andmaybeyou’vealreadymadeplansforspringbreak...but...oneofmystudentsjustdroppedoutofthefieldtriptotheSmithsonRiverCaves.You’renextonthewaitinglist,sonowthere’sroomforyoutocomealong.WomanYou’rekidding![disappointed]Ididn’tthinktherewasachance...and...well,it’sathree-daytrip,right?IagreedtospendnextweekhelpingProfessorClarksetupthenewmuseumexhibition.Ithinkshe’sreallycountingonme.ManYeah,threedays.Butyouknow...ifyou’drathercomeonthefieldtrip,whynotspeakwithherandseeifshehasanyonetoreplaceyou?WomanYeah,I’dhatetomissoutonthecaves.I’lldefinitelyaskProfessorClarkifthere’ssomeoneelsewhocouldhelpher.ManYouknow...wedon’tleaveuntilWednesday.Ifyoustillhavetohelpout,anychanceyoucouldgetthemuseumsetupdonebeforethen?QUESTIONThespeakersdiscusstwopossiblesolutionstothewoman’sproblem.Describetheproblemandthetwosolutions.Thenexplainwhatyouthinkthewomanshoulddoandwhy.OG1QUESTION6LISTENNINGNarratorNowlistentoapartofatalkinaneconomicsclass.ProfessorSo,let’stalkaboutmoney.Whatismoney?Well,typicallypeoplethinkofcoinsandpaper“bills”asmoney...butthat’susingasomewhatnarrowdefinitionoftheterm.Abroaddefinitionisthis:[slowly]moneyisanything