英语国家概况考试复习要点

1英语国家概况复习要点PartOneUKTheCountry1.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsPartsName：EnglandBritainGreatBritain(GB/G.B.)BritishIslesBritishEmpireTheCommonwealthTheUnitedKingdom(TheUK)TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandParts：EnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIreland2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Geographically,theBritishIslesincludesGreatBritain,thewholeofIreland,andalltheoffshoreislandsPolitically,theBritishIslesismadeupofU.K.andRepublicofIreland.3.thehighestmountaininBritain：BenNevis(本尼维斯山)thelargestmountainrangeinBritain：theGrampians（格兰扁山脉）4.thelongestriver：TheSevernRiver(塞文河)ThemostimportantriverinBritainandthesecondlongestriver:Thames（泰晤士河）5.thelargestlakeinBritain：LoughNeagh（内伊湖）(NorthernIreland)6.BackboneofEngland：thePennies（奔宁山脉）Thepeople7.ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。8.BasisofModernEnglishrace?TheearlistpeopleknowninBritainwerenomads（游牧者）frommainlandEuropeintheOldStoneAge（旧石器时代）,followedbyNeolithic（新石器时代）Iberians（伊比利亚人)andtheBeakerFolk(比克人）intheBronzeAge（青铜器时代）9.thecontributionsmadebyAnglo-SaxonstotheEnglishstate?①.established'OldEnglish'②.laidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate③.dividedthecountryintoshires④.createdthe'Witan'toadvisetheKing(thebasisoftheCabinet)10.differentinvaders?Firstinvasion—In55BC,JuliusCaesarSecond—Caesar'ssecondraidin54BCThirdandfinal—In43AD,EmperorClaudius,finalandsuccessfulRomaninvasionofBritain(recorded)Left—In410,GermanicbarbarianattackRome,forcingRomantroopstoleaveBritain,andthusendingitsoccupationoftheislandHistory9.Whoisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”?SirFrancisDrake10.TheNormanConquestanditsconsequencesTheNormanConquest(1066-1071)Fuse:Edwardruledfor24yearsanddiedinJanuary,1066.Haroldwaschosento2beking.William,DukeofNormandy,heardthenewsofHarold’scoronation,hegotveryangryandclaimedthathehadthesolerighttobekingofEnglandbecauseEdwardhadpromisedthecrowntohimandthatHaroldhadpromisedtohelphimbecomekingofEngland.DukeWilliamledarmyandlandedonthecoast.ThetwoarmiesmetatHastings.Consequences：Itincreasedtheprocessoffeudalism.WilliamestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland.Heintroducednewideasinlaws.Itbroughtchangesinthechurch.TheFrenchlanguagecamealongwiththeNormans.11.WhenwasthefeudalsystemestablishedinEngland?（封建制度）UnderWilliam,thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished.MedievalBritain(1066-1485)12.WhosignedGreatCharter?KingJohn（签署大宪章）13.GreatCharter(time,contents,nature)Time:MagnaCarta1215Contents:（内容）A.thekingwasnottoexactpaymentsfromthefeudalvassalswithouttheirconsent;B.thelawswerenottobemodifiedbythearbitraryactionoftheking;C.shouldthekingattempttofreehimselffromlaw,thevassalshadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit,bycivilwarorbyotherwise.Nature:afeudaldocument14.TheHundredYears’War①.Time:intermittentlyfrom1337to1453②.Countries:FranceandBritain③.Factors:partlyterritorialandpartlyeconomicTheEnglishkingswantedtogetbackthelostlandinFrance.TheeconomicinterestsofEnglandandFranceclashedinFlanders.NewnationalconsciousnessofEngland④.Fuse:Frenchthronesuccession——EdwardIIIclaimedtheFrenchCrown.TheFrenchrefusedtorecognizetheclaim.⑤.ThreeoutstandingstagesofthewarA.AtfirsttheEnglishwerebrilliantlysuccessful.B.HenryVrenewedthewarin1415andhewasrecognizedtotheFrenchthronein1420.C.AfterHenryV’sdeathin1422,theFrench,encouragedbyJoanofArc,theirnationalheroine,drovetheEnglishoutofFrance.⑥.TwodecisivereasonsforFrenchtowin:effectiveuseofguns&“JoanofArc”⑦.Significance:ThewarwasveryexpensiveanditcosttheEnglishgreatdealofdeath,wealthandproperty,thusthefeudalrulewasweakenedinthewar.⑧.Effectsofthewar:Afterthiswar,therulingNormansbeganto:A.regardEnglandastheirhome.3B.regardthemselvesasbelongingstotheEnglishnation.C.reestablishEnglish(language)astheirofficiallanguage.D.makeefforttotrytodeveloptheirindustry(TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries;thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldhavehinderedthedevelopmentofseparateEnglishnationalidentity,whileFrenchnationalidentitywashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.)15.TheWarofRoses(1455--1485)①.Rivalgroups：theHouseofLancaster&theHouseofYork②.Thenameofthewar：TheLancastriansworethebadgeoftheredroseandtheYorkistsworethebadgeofthewhiterose,sothewargotsuchaname.③.Natureofthewar：feudalcivilwar,forpowerandwealth,forthepossessionoftheCrown④.Reason：IntheHundredYears’War,thelosswasgreat.Sothewar-likenobleswantedtorecoupfortheloss,thustheyallwantedtogetpower.TheEnglishnoblesbegantobedividedandbegantosupportdifferentgroups,insuchasituation,thewarbrokeout.Atthattime,theHouseofLancasterwasinpowerandHenryVI(1422-1461)wasthekingandtheHouseofYorkwantedtodisplacetheHouseofLancaster.⑤.Result:TheYorkistgotcompletevictory,HouseofYork约克王朝(1461-1485)butathirdHouse,theHouseofTudorgotthepower.HenryVIIbecametheking.SoanewimportantDynastybeganinEnglishhistory.⑥.Consequence：HenryTudorwon(descendantofDukeofLancaster)AlthoughtheWarsoftheRoseswerewagedintermittentlyfor30years,ordinarypeoplewerelittleaffected.Fromthesewarsfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweake