战略管理和战略竞争性(1)

©2003SouthwesternPublishingCompany1StrategicManagementandStrategicCompetitivenessMichaelA.HittR.DuaneIrelandRobertE.HoskissonChapter12StrategyImplementationChapter13StrategicEntrepreneurshipChapter11OrganizationalStructureandControlsChapter10CorporateGovernanceChapter12StrategicLeadershipStrategyFormulationStrategicCompetitivenessAbove-AverageReturnsStrategicIntentStrategicMissionChapter2TheExternalEnvironmentChapter3TheInternalEnvironmentTheStrategicManagementProcessFeedbackStrategicInputsStrategicActionsStrategicOutcomesChapter6Corporate-LevelStrategyChapter9CooperativeStrategyChapter5CompetitiveRivalryandCompetitiveDynamicsChapter8InternationalStrategyChapter4Business-LevelStrategyChapter7AcquisitionandRestructuringStrategies3ImportantDefinitionsStrategicManagementProcess策略管理程序Thefullsetofcommitments,decisions,andactionsrequiredforafirmtoachievestrategiccompetitivenessandearnabove-averagereturns4ImportantDefinitionsStrategicCompetitiveness策略性競爭力Achievedwhenafirmsuccessfullyformulatesandimplementsavalue-creatingstrategyOccurswhenafirmdevelopsastrategythatcompetitorsarenotsimultaneouslyimplementingProvidesbenefitswhichcurrentandpotentialcompetitorsareunabletoduplicateAbove-AverageReturns平均以上報酬5ImportantDefinitionsRisk風險Aninvestor’suncertaintyabouttheeconomicgainsorlossesthatwillresultfromaparticularinvestmentReturnsthatareequaltothoseaninvestorexpectstoearnfromotherinvestmentswithasimilaramountofriskAverageReturns平均報酬6FundamentalnatureofcompetitionischangingCompetitiveLandscape競爭情勢Hypercompetitiveenvironments超競爭環境DynamicsofstrategicmaneuveringamongglobalandinnovativecombatantsPrice-qualitypositioning,newknow-how,firstmoverProtectorinvadeestablishedproductorgeographicmarkets7FundamentalnatureofcompetitionischangingHypercompetitiveenvironmentsCompetitiveLandscapeEmergenceofglobaleconomy全球經濟的出現Goods,services,people,skills,andideasmovefreelyacrossgeographicborders.Spreadofeconomicinnovationsaroundtheworld.Politicalandculturaladjustmentsarerequired.8FundamentalnatureofcompetitionischangingHypercompetitiveenvironmentsCompetitiveLandscapeEmergenceofglobaleconomyRapidtechnologicalchange快速科技變遷IncreasingrateoftechnologicalchangeanddiffusionTheinformationageIncreasingknowledgeintensity9超競爭•Hypercompetition•產品生命週期短•均衡是短期現象•對手的行動會使自己喪失優勢•很難有持久的競爭優勢10StrategicFlexibility策略彈性AsetofcapabilitiesusedtorespondtovariousdemandsandopportunitiesexistinginadynamicanduncertaincompetitiveenvironmentItinvolvescopingwithuncertaintyandtheaccompanyingrisks11StrategicFlexibilityStrategicFlexibilityStrategicFlexibilityStrategicflexibilityStrategicReorientation策略性引導CapacitytoLearn學習能力OrganizationalSlack緩衝資源121.Strategydictatedbytheexternalenvironmentsofthefirm(whatopportunitiesexistintheseenvironments?)2.Firmdevelopsinternalskillsrequiredbyexternalenvironment(whatcanthefirmdoabouttheopportunities?)GeneralEnvironmentGlobalTechnological1.ExternalEnvironmentsIndustryEnvironmentCompetitorEnvironmentI/OModelofAbove-AverageReturns13FourAssumptionsoftheI/OModel1.Theexternalenvironmentisassumedtopossesspressuresandconstraintsthatdeterminethestrategiesthatwouldresultinabove-averagereturns2.Mostfirmscompetingwithinaparticularorwithinacertainsegmentofitareassumedtocontrolsimilarstrategicallyrelevantresourcesandtopursuesimilarstrategiesinlightofthoseresources14FourAssumptionsoftheI/OModel3.Resourcesusedtoimplementstrategiesarehighlymobileacrossfirms4.Organizationaldecisionmakersareassumedtoberationalandcommittedtoactinginthefirm’sbestinterests,asshownbytheirprofit-maximizingbehaviors15IndustrialOrganizationModelI/OModelofAbove-AverageReturns1.Studytheexternalenvironment,especiallytheindustryenvironment•economiesofscale•barrierstomarketentry•diversification•productdifferentiation•degreeofconcentrationoffirmsintheindustryTheExternalEnvironment16I/OModelofAbove-AverageReturns2.Locateanattractiveindustrywithahighpotentialforabove-averagereturnsAttractiveindustry:onewhosestructuralcharacteristicssuggestabove-averagereturnsIndustrialOrganizationModelTheExternalEnvironmentAnAttractiveIndustry17I/OModelofAbove-AverageReturns3.Identifythestrategycalledforbytheattractiveindustrytoearnabove-averagereturnsStrategyformulation:selectionofastrategylinkedwithabove-averagereturnsinaparticularindustryIndustrialOrganizationModelTheExternalEnvironmentAnAttractiveIndustryStrategyFormulation18I/OModelofAbove-AverageReturns4.DeveloporacquireassetsandskillsneededtoimplementthestrategyAssetsandskills:thoseassetsandskillsrequiredtoimplementachosenstrategyIndustrialOrganizationModelTheExternalEnvironmentAnAttractiveIndustryStrategyFormulationAssetsandSkills19I/OModelofAbove-AverageReturns5.Usethefirm’sstrengths(itsdevelopedoracquiredassetsandskills)toimplementthestrategyStrategyimplementation:selectstrategicactionslinkedwitheffectiveimplementationofthechosenstrategyIndustrialOrganizationModelTheExternalEnvironmentAnAttractiveIndustryStrategyFormulationAssetsandSkillsStrategyImplementation20I/OModelofAbove-AverageReturnsIndustrialOrganizationModelTheExternalEnvironmentAnAttract