油研XXXX演讲与写作构思

油研2013演讲与写作构思SelectingtopicsAnalyzingaudienceSupportingideasOrganizingthebodyofthespeechBeginningandendingthespeechOutliningspeechUsinglanguagePurposeofspeechInform:informationPersuade:changeaudiencePrinciplesofspecificpurposesMakesurethecentralideaisnottoogeneralExpressthecentralideaasafullsentenceStatethecentralideaasadeclarativesentence,notasaquestionAvoidfigurativelanguageinthecentralideaexercisesDonatebloodToinformmyaudienceaboutthehistoryofWesterncivilizationToinformmyaudienceaboutGuilinToinformmyaudiencethatsomethinghastobedoneabouttrafficjams.ToinformmyaudiencehowtousethesubwaysysteminBerlin,Germany.Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:1.Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.2.Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyouracademicdevelopment.3.Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyourcareerdevelopment.Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:1.Thefirsteventintriathlonisswimming,2.Thesecondeventintriathloniscycling.3.Thefirsteventintriathlonisrunning.Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:AnalyzingaudienceAudience-centered:ObamaTowhomamIspeaking?WhatdoIwantthemtoknow,believe,ordoasaresultofmyspeech?Whatisthemosteffectivewayofcomposingandpresentingmyspeechtoaccomplishthataim?AdaptingtotheAudienceBeforethespeech:assessinghowyouraudieceislikelytorespongtowhatyousayinyourspeech;adjustingwhatyoursaytomakeitasclear,appropriate,andconvincing.Duringthespeech:keepaneyeoutforaudiencefeedback.Frownorrespondwithquizzicallooks,youmayneedtobackupandgooveryourpointagain.Afterthespeech:survey,modify,nextspeech.SupportingideasExamplesStatisticsQuotations(paraphrase)ExamplesBriefExamplesExtendedExamplesHypotheticalExamplesBriefExamples(specificstatements):Changesintechnologyhavemadeitpossiblefordoctorstoworkwondersthatonceseemedimpossible.RogerCharter,forexample,lostbothhisfeetwhentheywerecrushedinatruckaccident,Nowhehasnewfeet-madeofaspringyplasticalloythatduplicatesanormalarch.Notonlycanhewalknormally,buthecanrunandplaysportsagain.Themiraculousnatureofrecentadvancesincreatingartificiallimbsforaccidentvictims.JapanesebusinessmenhavealreadyappliedConfucianethicsintheirbusinessmanagement,andtheAmericanmilitaryacademy,WestPoint,hastakenSunzi’sTheArtofWarasoneoftheirtextbooks,Intheseyears,thecreamofourculture,suchastraditionalmedicalscienceandmedicine,acupuncture,TaiChi,andpapercutting,haswonpopularityintheworld.China’straditionalculturehasvigorandvitalityintoday’sglobalization.Extendedexamples(narratives,illustrations,anecdotes):tellingstoriesHypotheticalexamples:Imaginethis:yourfatherhasbeenstrickenwithseriousheartdisease.Atthehospital,yourlearnhehasachancetosurvive-ifhecanreceiveahearttransplant.Buttherearenoheartdonorsavailable.Yourfatherisofthe1.5millionChineseeachyearwhoneedanorgantransplantbutcannotgetonebecauseofashortageofdonors.Statistics1.Userepresentativestatistics2.Identifythesourcesofstatistics3.Usestatisticsfromreliablesources4.Roundoffcomplicatedstatistics5.ExplainstatisticsQuotations(paraphrase)1.Usequotationsfromunbiasedsources2.IdentifythepeoplequoteandparaphraseOrganizingthebodyofthespeechBodyisdeterminedbymainpoints.Strategicorderofmainpoints1.Chronologicalorder2.Spatialorder3.Problem-solutionorder4.TopicalorderChronologicalorderSpecificpurpose:toinformaudiencehowtheGreatWallofChinawasbuilt.Centralidea:theGreatWallofChinawasbuiltinthreemajorstages.Mainpoints:QindynastyHandynastyMingdynastySpecificpurpose:toinformaudienceyoureducationalbackgroundsCentralidea:inthreemajorstages.Mainpoints:SpatialorderSpecificpurpose:toinformaudienceaboutthethreemajorregionsinItalyCentralidea:northern,southernandcentralItalyhavetheirownidentitiesandattractions.Mainpoints:Problem-solutionorderSpecificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencetoughermeasureareneededtocontrolillegalsellingofantiques.Centralidea:illegalsellingofantiquesisaseriousproblemthatrequiresacombinationofgovernmentactionandindividualawareness.Mainpoints:Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencethatChinashouldimplementstricterlawenforcementtopreventaccidentsincoalmines.Centralidea:Mainpoints:TopicalorderSpecificpurpose:toinformaudienceabouttheachievementsofdaVinciCentralidea:painter,aninventor,anastronomerMainpoints:Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencethatChinashouldcontinueitsprogramofspaceexplorationCentralidea:Mainpoints:Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudienceCCTVshouldlaunchanEnglishversionoftheLectureRoom.Centralidea:Mainpoints:TipsforpreparingmainpointsLimitthenumberofthemainpointsKeepmainpointsseparateTrytousethesamepatternowordingformainpointsBeginningandendingIntroductionConclusionIntroductionGetattentionandinterest1.Relatethetopictotheaudience2.Statetheimportanceofyourtopic3.Startletheaudience4.Arousethecuriosityoftheaudience5.Questiontheaudience6.Beginwithaquotation7.TellastoryCreateapositiverelationshipwiththeaudienceEatablishcredibilityConclusionReinforcethecentralidea1.Summarizeyourspeech2.Endwithquotation3.M