演讲-CentreforSustainableEn

1stInternationalSymposium&WorkshoponLowCarbonBuildingsinChina,April2,2010ProfessorJoDarkwa教授Director,CentreforSustainableEnergyTechnologies(CSET)可持续能源技术中心主任(CSET)CONTENT目录•SITUATIONINCHINA中国的现状•EXAMPLESOFLOWCARBONTECHNOLOGIESATCSET•在CSET中的低碳技术•CONCLUSIONS结论1990-2030年，世界各地区的二氧化碳排放量CO2percapitapercountry各国人均二氧化碳排放量CHINA=4.6USA=19.15ENERGYINBUILDINGS–CHINA建筑中的能源—中国•Chinaproduces2billionsquaremetersofnewbuildingseveryyear-equivalenttoabout80,000newskyrisebuildingsannually.中国每年新增20亿平方米的新建筑，相当于每年新建8万座摩天大楼。•EnergyconsumptioninChina’sbuildingsectorhasincreasedmorethan10%eachyearforthelast20yearsandnowrepresents25%oftotalenergyusageinChina.中国建筑领域能耗在近20年保持每年10%的增速，目前已占用了全中国1/4的总能耗。RESEARCHANDDEMONSTRATIONBUILDINGTHEDESIGN设计•Thebuildinghastwoparts(semi-basementandthetower)该楼有两部分（半地下室和塔楼）•Thesemi-basementareaispartlyglazedoneastandwestsidesinordertomaximisethepenetrationofnaturallightandavoidthedirectsolarradiation.半地下室在东西侧安装了玻璃，既能最大限度利用自然光源又能避免太阳直射。•Thetowerhasbeencarefullyinsulatedandprotectedfromwintercoldwindandstrongdirectsummersolarradiations.塔楼具有良好的隔热性能，能有效阻隔冬季的寒风和夏季强烈阳光的直射。•Theopaquepartsofthebuildingconsistofconcretewallswhichareexternallyinsulatedandcladded.大楼不透光的部分是外表面隔热并由金属包裹的水泥墙。LOWCARBONTECHNOLOGIES低碳技术•SolarPVandWindmillforelectricity•太阳能和风力发电•GeothermalHeatPumpforcoolingandheating地源热泵制冷和取暖•Greenrooftechnology绿色屋顶技术•Earthtube(E-tube)VentilationSystem地埋管通风系统•PassiveVentilationsystem被动通风系统•RadiantThermalSlab天棚辐射顶采暖与制冷•SolarAirconditioningsystem太阳空调系统•Rainwaterrecyclingfacilities雨水收集设施•Weatherstationfacility气象站设备•BuildingManagementSystem(BMS)楼宇自控系统SOLARPANELSANDWINDMILLFORELECTRICITY太阳能和风力发电SOLARPVAREA=300m2POWEROUTPUT=43.4kW01000200030004000500060007000Jan09Feb09Mar09April09May09June09July09Aug09Sept09Oct09Nov09Dec09Electricalenergy(kWh)YEARActualelectricitygeneratedPredictedelectricalenergyElectricityconsumed实际发电量预计发电量实际耗电量ENERGYPRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTIONPROFILE产能和耗能概况Jan090%Feb098%Mar099%April096%May099%June0914%July0912%Aug0912%Sept097%Oct097%Nov097%Dec099%MONTHLYSHARE按月份SUMMARYFOR2009•PROJECTEDELECTRICITY=48154kWh设计发电量=48154kWh•ACTUALPRODUCTION=46112kWh(96%)实际发电量=46112kWh（96%）•TOTALCONSUMPTION=43180kWh总耗电量=43180kWh•Energyconsumptionforheating,coolingandlighting=33000kWh(21kWh/m2)GEOTHERMALHEATPUMPFORCOOLINGANDHEATING地源热泵制冷和供热20BOREHOLES70mDEEPEACHGeothermalheatpumpusesthestabletemperatureoftheground(170Cat70mdeepinNingbo)asaheatsourcetowarmthebuildinginwinterandasaheatsinktocoolitinsummer.地源热泵利用地下稳定的温度（在宁波地区，70m深，可达17度）作为冷热源，在冬季或夏季给大楼供热或制冷。GEOTHERMALHEATPUMPFORCOOLINGANDHEATING地源热泵制冷和供热0510152025303540455:00:00下午2:54:00下午12:48:00下午10:42:00上午4:42:00下午2:36:00下午12:30:00下午10:24:00上午4:24:00下午2:18:00下午12:12:00下午10:06:00上午4:06:00下午2:00:00下午11:54:00上午9:48:00上午3:48:00下午Heatingpower(kW)TIMEWithGeothermalWithoutGeothermal0246810121416185:00:00下午2:54:00下午12:48:00下午10:42:00上午4:42:00下午2:36:00下午12:30:00下午10:24:00上午4:24:00下午2:18:00下午12:12:00下午10:06:00上午4:06:00下午2:00:00下午11:54:00上午9:48:00上午3:48:00下午TemperatureCTIMEWatertempfromboreholeWatertempintoborehole40%LESSHEATINGPOWERWITHGEOTHERMALENERGYSOURCE通过地热源可以节省40%的制热耗电。ABOUT40CHEATINGTEMP.CANBEGAINEDFROMGEOTHERMALSOURCE通过地热源可以获得约4度升温SOLARCOLLECTORSFORHOTWATERPOWEREDAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEM太阳集热器生产高温热水驱动吸收式空调系统Earthtube(E-tube)VentilationSystem地埋管通风系统WINTERCOOLINGDEHUMIDIFICATIONCOILLABORATORYEXIBITIONAREATEACHINGROOMRESOURCEROOMOFFICESMEETINGROOMRECEPTIONUNDERGROUNDVENTILATION冬季：地下通风PRE-HEATINGSYSTEM预处理新风加热系统Earthtube(E-tube)VentilationSystemsUNDERGROUNDPRECOOLINGANDHEATINGVENTILATIONPIPES新风地下预冷/预热系统WINTERDESIGNHEATINGLOAD冬季设计热负荷VENTILATIONHEATINGLOAD-20246810129:00:…9:30:…10:0…10:3…11:0…11:3…12:0…12:3…13:0…13:3…14:0…14:3…15:0…15:3…16:0…16:3…17:0…Q(kW)TIMEQlosswithE-tubeQlosswithoutE-tubeQgainfromE-tubeVENTILATIONHEATLOADINTYPICALWINTERPERIOD典型冬季通风热负荷MaximumventilationloadwithoutE-tube=5.2KwMaximumventilationloadwithE-tube=2.3kWSavings=56%不使用地埋管的最大通风负荷=5.2Kw使用地埋管后的最大通风负荷=2.3Kw节能56%使用地埋管时的热损失不使用地埋管时的热损失使用地埋管时的得热量IntegratedGreenRoof综合绿色屋顶植物生长介质排水、通风、储水和底部挡板隔离层薄膜保护和底部挡板屋顶薄膜支撑结构GREENROOFTEMPERATUREPROFILES-50510152025303516:00:0021:20:002:40:008:00:0013:20:0018:40:000:00:005:20:0010:40:0016:00:0021:20:002:40:008:00:0013:20:0018:40:000:00:005:20:0010:40:0016:00:0021:20:002:40:008:00:0013:20:0018:40:000:00:005:20:0010:40:0016:00:0021:20:002:40:008:00:0013:20:0018:40:00TemperatureCTIMEOutsidesurfacetempTempdifferencebetweeninsideandbeneathsoilsurfacesInsidesurfacetempTempbeneathsoilsurfaceREMARKS附注•Accordingtootherstudies3-70Ctemperaturedroptranslatesintoa20-30%reductionincoolingandheatingrequirementsforaone-storeystructure.根据其他研究资料，对于单层结构建筑，3-7度的温降相当于减少20-30%供热和制冷能耗。•CSETroofachievedanaverageofabout100Ctemperaturedropbetweeninsideandbeneaththesoilsurfaces在CSET可以获得大约10度的温降•Therefore,about40%reductionincooling/heatingisexpected.因此，预计可以减少40%的供热和制冷能耗。ENVIRONMENTALBENEFITS环境效益•SOLARELECTRICITY太阳能发电Annualelectricityoutput48514kWh每年发电量48514千瓦时CO2reduction16,173kg降低二氧化碳排放16,173千克Savesburning4,750kgofcoal减少燃煤4,750千克•SOLARHOTWATER太阳能热水系统Annualenergyhotwaterproduction1,280,000litres每年太阳能生产