语言学概论总结

语言学概论总结Chapter1----IntroductionPartOne★Definitionoflanguage★★★Designfeaturesoflanguage★★FunctionsoflanguagePartTwo★Definitionoflinguistics★★Thescopeoflinguistics★★★ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsExercises:1）WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage(2005)A.arbitrariness任意性B.productivityC.culturaltransmissionD.finiteness有限性2）Thedistinctionbetweenparole言语andlangue语言wasmadeby_____.(2006)A.HallidayC.Saussure索绪尔（瑞士语言学家）B.Chomsky乔姆斯基（美国语言学家，转换生成语法的创始人）D.Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育家）考点：语言流派的主要代表人物、四对概念的区分。3）Languageisatoolofcommunication.Thesymbol“highwayclosed”onahighwayserves_____.(2010)A.anexpressivefunction表达功能B.aninformativefunction信息功能C.aperformativefunction行事/施为功能D.apersuasivefunction劝说功能考点：语言的基本功能。信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能、寒暄功能、娱乐功能。其中最重要的是信息功能。4）ThefunctionofthesentenceAniceday,isn'titis___.A.informativeB.phatic寒暄功能C.directive指示功能D.performative1.2.1WhatislanguageP7-8Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。1）Languageisasystem.Systematic----rule-governed受规则制约的,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules；can’tbecombinedatwill..*bkli，*Iappleeat.2）Languageisarbitrary.Arbitrary----nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes表示..“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.3）Languageissymbolic符号的innature.Symbolic----wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention惯例.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”----byShakespeare4）Languageisprimarilyvocal.Vocal----theprimarymedium基本媒介issoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.5）Languageishuman-specific.语言是人类特有的Human-specific----differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess..birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.1.2.2Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockett):P8-101）Arbitrariness任意性2）Productivity/Creativity创造性3）Duality二重性4）Displacement移位性5）Culturaltransmission文化传递性1）Arbitrariness◎----Nological(motivated有积极性的orintrinsic固有的)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.◎Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy…Apes[eɪp]gibber['dʒɪbə].猴子唧唧叫Roosterscrow.公鸡喔喔叫Henscluck.母鸡咯咯嗒Chickspeep.小鸡唧唧唧Bullsbellow.Cowsmoo.老牛哞哞哞Ducksquack[kwæk].鸭子嘎嘎嘎Catsmew.小猫喵喵叫Frogscroak.青蛙呱呱呱Goatsbleat.小羊咩咩咩Pigsgrunt.小猪呼噜噜Micesqueak[skwik].老鼠吱吱叫Dogsbark.小狗汪汪叫◎Animalsmakemuchthesamesoundsaroundtheworld,buteachlanguageexpressesthemdifferently.EnglishandChinesecowssoundthesame,butnotinEnglishandChinese!◎Thearbitrarylinkbetweenalinguisticsign语言符号anditsmeaning,however,isalsoconventional符合习俗的.2)Productivity/Creativity◎----Peculiarto是…特有的humanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.◎Languageisresourceful资源丰富的becauseofitsduality二元性anditsrecursiveness[ri'kə:sivnis]递归性.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.◎Wordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantly立即地understoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacross讲得清楚明白thatusagebefore.◎Therecursivenature递归性oflanguageprovidesapotentialtocreateaninfinitenumberofsentences.Forinstance:①Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacherwhotaughtinaschoolwhichwasknownforitsgraduateswho...②Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt麦芽thatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.3)Duality(doublearticulation)Lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)Higherlevel----meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)二层性是指拥有两层结构这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。（Lyons,1981).b-o-o-k(meaninglesssegments:lowerlevel,secondary)→Book(meaningfulunit:higherlevel,primary)Questions:①Canyouthinkofsomeothersystemswiththepropertyofduality②Whyisthispropertygenerallyassumedascentraltolanguage③Doesanimallanguagehavethisproperty●Hierarchy等级制度oflanguage:Thesecondarylevelsounds(meaningless)syllables↓↓Theprimarylevelmorphemes(meaningful)wordsphrasessentences(etc.)4)Displacement----Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace):realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-away遥远的places..Agibbon长臂猿neverutters发出acallaboutsomethingheatelastyear.◎Animalcommunicationisnormallyunder“immediatestimuluscontrol”（直接刺激控制）.Forinstance,awarningcryofabirdinstantlyannouncesdanger.◎Humanlanguageisstimulus-free.Whatwearetalkingaboutneednotbetriggeredbyanyexternalstimulus刺激intheworldoranyinternalstate.5)Culturaltransmission◎----Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).◎Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.◎Thestoryofawolfchild狼孩,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.1.2.3Functionsoflanguage:P10-121)referential[,refə'renʃ(ə)l](toconveymessageandinformation)(所指功能，即传达信息）2)poetic[pəʊ'etɪk](toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake)（诗学功能，即享受语言自身的乐趣）3)emotive(toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions)（情感功能，即表达态度，感觉和情感）4)conative['kəunətiv](topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests)（意动功能，即通过指令和恳求说服和影响他人）5)phatic['fætɪk](toestablishcommunionwithothers)（寒暄功能，即与他人建立交际）6)metalingual[,metə'liŋɡwəl](toclearupintentionsandmeanings).（元语言功能，弄清意图、词语和意义）注：1）emotive(express