18/9/151词类(partsofspeech)•能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词,根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类(partsofspeech)。18/9/152英语词类•十大词类•实词(6):名词动词代词形容词副词数词虚词(4):冠词介词连词感叹词18/9/153词类缩写例词用法1.名词n.John,room主,宾,表2.动词v.stand,be谓3.代词pron.them,everything主,宾,表4.形容词adjgood,interesting定,表5.副词adv.almost,bravely状6.数词num.nine,first定,表7.连词conj.and,but,because,that,while不做成分8.介词prep.near,from,in,on,at不做成分9.冠词art.a,an,the不作成分10.感叹词interj.hello,oh,well不作成分18/9/154名词:表示某类人,事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称•在句子中作主语,宾语或表语•Thebagsareonthedesk.•Ilikeapples.•Thisisagookbook.主语表语宾语18/9/155动词:表示动作或状态的词汇情态动词助动词实义动词系动词及物动词不及物动词readteachlikeriseworkgobe动词:am/is/arewas/were感官动词:feel,smell,taste,look,sound变化动词:become,get,turn,growbe,do,does,did,have,has,hadmust,can,could,shall,should......18/9/156实义动词及物动词Heisreadingabook.Mr.GreenteachesusEnglish.不及物动词Thesunrisesintheeast.Heworkshard.18/9/157系动词Thefoodsmellsgood.Thegirlisbeautiful.Theapplelooksred.Theleavesbecomeyellow.18/9/158代词:代替名词的词Wearestudentsofclass16.Tomgivesmeanapple.Whoisthere?--Itisme.主语宾语表语18/9/159形容词:表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词Thisisaredapple.Shetoldussomethinginteresting.Thesunwashotyesterday.Lucyistallinherclass.定语后置定语表语表语18/9/1510副词:用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等的词,以说明动作性质或状态。Weshouldgetupearlyinthemorning.Themovieisveryinteresting.Tomoftengoestoschoolbybike.状语18/9/1511数词基数词:one,two,three.....序数词:first,second,thirdIhaveonebook.Sheisthefirstintheclass.定语表语18/9/1512句子成分和基本句型18/9/151318/9/1514什么是句子?句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位.句子的第一个字母必须大写,结尾要有.?!Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!18/9/1515现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有八种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)、同位语。句子包括哪些成分?18/9/1516•1.主语:主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分.一般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句充当.它的位置一般在句首.Thegirlispretty.Readingisuseful.Toseeistobelieve.Theyaregoodfriends.18/9/1517谓语:•谓语说明主语做什么,以什么状态或特征存在,由简单动词或者动词短语构成.Theyareteachers.Shelookswell.Hestudieshard.Helaughedathisclassmates.HecanspeakEnglish.18/9/1518表语:•表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,短语,或者从句充当.表语位于系动词后面.Iamateacher.Shefeelshappy.Everybodyishere.Theyareathomenow.Hewentmad.Seeingisbelieving.18/9/1519宾语•宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,短语,不定式,动名词,从句充当.它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后.Sheplaysthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.IlikewatchingTV.Shelikestogotoshopthisafternoon.Ithinkthatheisgoodboy.18/9/1520宾语补足语•在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思.它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用.•它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词和过去分词充当.•Ifyouletmego,I’llmakeyouking.•Leavethedooropen.•WefoundJohnoutwhenwearrived.•Makeyourselfathome.•Iheardmynamecalled.18/9/1521状语•状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度.一般由副词,介词短语,不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当,也可由从句来充当.Hediditcarefully.Hestudiedveryhard.IwasbornonJune9th1982inGuangxi.Heiswritingwithapen.Iwillstayathomeifitrainstomorrow.18/9/1522定语•定语用来修饰名词或代词.形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,从句都可以充当定语.•Theblackbikeismine.•What’syourname?•Ihave5books.•Asleepingboyissleeping.•Theymadepaperflowers.•TheboyintheroomisJack.18/9/1523三、同位语:同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)LiLei,mybrother,cametoseemetoday.(mybrother是LiLei的同位语)18/9/1524一)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.18/9/1525(二)挑出下列句中的表语--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--Heisateacherwhilehislittlebrotherisstillajuniormiddleschoolstudent.18/9/1526(三)挑出下列句中的定语1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Abeautifulgirlisrunningtous.5.Theboyintheclssroomiscrying.18/9/1527(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语②Heaskedhertostudyhard.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.18/9/1528(五)挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.18/9/1529⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.18/9/1530句子成份练习1、Youshouldstudyhard.2、Theteachergotveryangry.3、Theboytoldmehisstory.4、Weelectedhimourmonitor.5、Thesunkeepsuswarm.6、Itoldhimtoopenthewindow.7、Wewatchedthetrainleavingthestation.状语表语间语+直宾宾语+宾补宾语+宾补宾语+宾补宾语+宾补18/9/15318.Ithinkitdifficulttofinishtheworkthismorning.9.Thereseemslittlehopesofsuccess.10、Toourjoy,theyarrivedsafe.11、Thefactisveryclearthatourteamwillwinthegame.12.Aftergraduationhewillworkwherehecamefrom.宾语+宾补主语状语同位语状语18/9/153218/9/1533按句子的结构可分三种:简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Theywalked,talkedandlaughed.18/9/1534英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一:SV(主+谓)二:SVP(主+系+表)三:SVO(主+谓+宾)四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)18/9/1535种类类型主语S谓语动词v表语/宾语p宾语0宾补oc第1种S+VWework第2种S+V+0Heplaysviolin.第3种S+v+pWearestudents第4种S+v+IO+DOshegavemeapen.第5种S+V+O+OCHemademelaugh18/9/1536基本句型一S+Vi(主+谓)此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等。18/9/1537SVi(不及物动词)1.Time2.Themoon3.Theman4.Weall5.Everybody6.