TheAbsoluteStructure概念独立主格结构(theabsolutestructure)是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子,而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,独立主格结构的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。特点1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。形式名词/主格代词+现在分词名词/主格代词+过去分词名词/主格代词+不定式名词/主格代词+形容词名词/主格代词+副词名词/主格代词+介词短语Therebeing+名词(代词)Itbeing+名词(代词)名词/主格代词+现在分词名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系Thegirlstaringathim(=Asthegirlstaredathim),hedidn‘tknowwhattosay.姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。Timepermitting(=Iftimepermits),wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。名词/主格代词+过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。Theproblemssolved(=Astheproblemsweresolved),thequalityhasbeenimproved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。Herglassesbroken(=Becauseherglasseswerebroken),shecouldn'tseethewordsontheblackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。名词/主格代词+不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。Heisgoingtomakeamodelplane,someoldpartstohelp.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。Theysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotothebookstore.他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。名词/主格代词+形容词Anairaccidenthappenedtotheplane,nobodyalive.那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。Somanypeopleabsent,themeetinghadtobecalledoff.这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。名词/主格代词+副词Heputonhissweaterwrongsideout.他把毛衣穿反了。Themeetingover,theyallwenthome.会议一结束,他们就都回家了名词/主格代词+介词短语Theboygoestotheclassroom,bookinhand.那男孩手里拿着书去教室。Marywassittingnearthefire,herbacktowardsthedoor.玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。Therebeing+名词(代词)Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。Therebeingnofurtherbusiness,Ideclarethemeetingclosed.没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。Itbeing+名词(代词)ItbeingChristmas,thegovernmentofficeswereclosed.由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。Itbeingaholiday,alltheshopswereshut.由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。功能与用法功能:独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。用法:独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。*注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。用作时间状语Theworkdone(=Aftertheworkhadbeendone),wewenthome.工作完成后,我们就回家了。Herworkdone,shesatdownforacupoftea.她干完了活,坐下来用作条件状语Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。Theconditionbeingfavourable,hemaysucceed.若条件有利,他或许能成功。用作原因状语Animportantlecturetobegiventomorrow(=Asanimportantlecturewillbegiventomorrow),theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。Therebeingnotaxis,wehadtowalk.没有出租车,我们只好步行。用作伴随状语Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead(=andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead).他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。Almostallmetalsaregoodconductors,silverbeingthebestofall.几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almostallmetalsaregoodconductors,andsilveristhebestofall.)表示补充说明Weredoubledourefforts,eachmanworkingliketwo.我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。例题Notfarfromtheschooltherewasagarden,_________ownerseatedinitplayingchesswithhislittlegrandsoneveryafternoon.A.itsB.whoseC.whichD.thatHewrotealotofnovels,manyof_________translatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.thatChoosethebestfromthefourchoices.1.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkeraseparatetask.A.assigningB.assignedC.wasassignedD.wouldbeassigned2.Thelecture,helefthisseatsoquietlythatnoonecomplainedthathisleavingdisturbedthespeaker.A.beganB.beginningC.havingbegunD.beingbeginning3.Suchthecase,therearenogroundstojustifyyourcomplaints.A.beingB.isC.wasD.tobe4.Darknessin,theyoungpeoplelingeredonmerrymaking.A.setB.settingC.hassetD.wasset5.Withallfactors,wethinkthisprogrammayexcelalltheothersinachievingthegoal.A.beingconsideredB.consideringC.consideredD.areconsidered6.Anewtechnique,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.A.tohavebeenworkedoutB.havingworkedoutC.workingoutD.havingbeenworkedout7.Onthetopwastheclearoutlineofagreatwolfsittingstill,ears,alert,listening.A.pointedB.pointingC.arepointedD.arepointing8.Walterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice,butourwork,wedeclinedtheoffer.A.notbeingfinishedB.nothavingfinishedC.hadnotbeenfinishedD.wasnotfinished9.Therearevariouskindsofmetals,eachitsownproperties.A.hasB.hadC.tohaveD.having10.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.A.makesB.madeC.istomakeD.making