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PASSAGE1Bythemid-nineteenthcentury,thetermiceboxhadenteredtheAmericanlanguage,buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensintheUnitedStates.Theicetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,taverns,andhospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutter.AftertheCivilWar(1861-1865),asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880,halftheicesoldinNewYork,Philadelphia,andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,wenttofamiliesfortheirownuse.Thishadbecomepossiblebecauseanewhouseholdconvenience,theicebox,aprecursorofthemodernrefrigerator,hadbeeninvented.Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebesticeboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.Butasearlyas1803,aningeniousMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,hadbeenontherighttrack.HeownedafarmabouttwentymilesoutsidethecityofWashington,forwhichthevillageofGeorgetownwasthemarketcenter.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotransporthisbuttertomarket,hefoundthatcustomerswouldpassuptherapidlymeltingstuffinthetubsofhiscompetitorstopayapremiumpriceforhisbutter,stillfreshandhardinneat,one-poundbricks.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,wasthatfarmerswouldnolongerhavetotraveltomarketatnightinordertokeeptheirproducecool.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Theinfluenceoficeonthediet(B)Thedevelopmentofrefrigeration(C)Thetransportationofgoodstomarket(D)Sourcesoficeinthenineteenthcentury2.Accordingtothepassage,whendidthewordiceboxbecomepartofthelanguageoftheUnitedStates?(A)in1803(B)sometimebefore1850(C)duringthecivilwar(D)neartheendofthenineteenthcentury3.Thephraseforward-lookinginline4isclosestinmeaningto(A)progressive(B)popular(C)thrifty(D)well-established4.Theauthormentionsfishinline4because(A)manyfishdealersalsosoldice(B)fishwasshippedinrefrigeratedfreightcars(C)fishdealerswereamongtheearlycommercialusersofice(D)fishwasnotpartoftheordinaryperson'sdietbeforetheinventionoftheicebox5.Theworditinline5refersto(A)freshmeat(B)theCivilWar(C)ice(D)arefrigerator6.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanobstacletothedevelopmentoftheicebox?(A)Competitionamongtheownersofrefrigeratedfreightcars(B)Thelackofanetworkforthedistributionofice(C)Theuseofinsufficientinsulation(D)Inadequateunderstandingofphysics7.Thewordrudimentaryinline12isclosestinmeaningto(A)growing(B)undeveloped(C)necessary(D)uninteresting8.Accordingtotheinformationinthesecondparagraph,anidealiceboxwould(A)completelypreventicefrommelting(B)stopairfromcirculating(C)allowicetomeltslowly(D)useblanketstoconserveice9.TheauthordescribesThomasMooreashavingbeenontherighttrack(lines18-19)toindicatethat(A)theroadtothemarketpassedclosetoMoore'sfarm(B)Moorewasanhonestmerchant(C)Moorewasaprosperousfarmer(D)Moore'sdesignwasfairlysuccessful10.Accordingtothepassage,Moore'siceboxallowedhimto(A)chargemoreforhisbutter(B)traveltomarketatnight(C)manufacturebuttermorequickly(D)produceiceallyearround11.Theproducementionedinline25couldinclude(A)iceboxes(B)butter(C)ice(D)marketsPASSAGE2ThegeologyoftheEarth'ssurfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesofwater.PresentonEarthinsolid,liquid,andgaseousstates,waterisexceptionallyreactive.Itdissolves,transports,andprecipitatesmanychemicalcompoundsandisconstantlymodifyingthefaceoftheEarth.Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds,someofwhicharetransportedbywindoverthecontinents.Condensationfromthecloudsprovidestheessentialagentofcontinentalerosion:rain.Precipitatedontotheground,thewatertricklesdowntoformbrooks,streams,andrivers,constitutingwhatarecalledthehydrographicnetwork.Thisimmensepolarizednetworkchannelsthewatertowardasinglereceptacle:anocean.Gravitydominatesthisentirestepinthecyclebecausewatertendstominimizeitspotentialenergybyrunningfromhighaltitudestowardthereferencepoint,thatis,sealevel.Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthoughthecycleisnotrandombutisameasureoftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs.Ifwedefineresidencetimeastheaveragetimeforawatermoleculetopassthroughoneofthethreereservoirs—atmosphere,continent,andocean—weseethatthetimesareverydifferent.Awatermoleculestays,onaverage,elevendaysintheatmosphere,onehundredyearsonacontinentandfortythousandyearsintheocean.Thislastfigureshowstheimportanceoftheoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrospherebutalsotherapidityofwatertransportonthecontinents.Avastchemicalseparationprocesstakesplacesduringtheflowofwateroverthecontinents.Solubleionssuchascalcium,sodium,potassium,andsomemagnesiumaredissolvedandtransported.Insolubleionssuchasaluminum,iron,andsiliconstaywheretheyareandformthethin,fertileskinofsoilonwhichvegetationcangrow