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335201310PROGRESSINPHYSICSVol.33No.5Oct.2013100190:50{:{O469AI.178II.183A.183B.1871.1872.189C.194III.199A.2001.2002.2073.208Receiveddate:2013-5-18*whw@iphy.ac.cnB.210C.213IV.216A.2171.2172.2203.225B.231V.237A.2371.(Supercooledliquid)?2372.239B.2451.2452.2473.252C.2591.259:1000-0542(2013)05-0177-175177178:2.2603.260VI.262A.2631.|$2642.|266B.2721.¯STZ2722.®274C.2781.2782.2823.2844.2875.290D.2911.2912.293E.2961.2962.2973.(CooperativeShearModel)2974.298F.|3011.3022.3033.305VII.306A.3071.3072.3083.3124.314B.3161.3162.3183.3214.3225.Konto324C.326D.327E.329VIII.333A.333B.50334C.340D.341E.343344344I.8{,:179ScienceNatureAdvMaterSantaBarbara3[1]SantaBarbaraSantaBarbara11180:[2»3]1|1959DuwezAu-Si[4»7][3]Co6.0GPaSr300MPa[8»15]1.[16](Aging)12»14:18110¡14»106s1014»10¡5HzÁ(t)=exp[¡(t=¿)n]0n1Kohlrausch-Williams-WattsR.Kohlrausch1854[17]KWWÁ(t)=exp[¡(t=¿)]JDyre[18]107»109[19»21]Bloch-21234[4»12;22»31]Pd182:2.Zr150K[4»6](CoherentAngstrombeamelectrondi®raction)[21](DynamicAtomicForceMicroscopyDFM)[33][34][35»37][38»39][19;40;41]P.W.Anderson[3]N.F.MottAndersonScienceN.F.Mott[30]AndersonMott[42]20057ScienceScience1251251010[43]NatureSciencePhysRevLett504P.W.AndersonN.F.MottP.J.Flory32012:1833.1923-19774T.EgamiII.A.R.Cahn[45](What'sinaname?thatwhichwecallarose.Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.)Whatisglass?4184:4.I.5[22;23;44]15.[46]XDSC[5]Tg:1856.[2012,24:35][BerthierLRevModPhys.2011,83:587]6[9;10]7[29](Amorphousandglassymaterials)7.8.(glass)(amorphousmaterials)8non-crystallinesolidvitreoussolid..186:CorningCorning(CrystalCity)»70%30»60%1%36020119800(amorphousalloy)(metallicglass)(liquidmetal)0.5»0.6[4»8;47;48][4»8]91959Duwez-:1879.ZrALNiCu[4»8;12;47»49]18552040B.|1.[2;3]10[50][2;3]16120011[2;3]250020[51]1673»1676Ravenscrofe188:10.[50]12168818.11.[2]1118731966:189[2]10003»4112.41920»1960Krammer[52]BuckelHilsch4KBiGaSnSn-Cu1950Brenner[53],Ni-PNi-P19801954[54]GaBi2K1955AsTe[55]1950D.Turnbull12[56]1952TurnbullTurnbullHg20%100|190:12.DavidTurnbull(1915»2007)Turnbull200512RQ1290TurnbullJohnFisherSchenectadyTurnbullDavidHarkerTurnbullHarkerTurnbullM.CohenAu75Si25(at.%)Au-SiTurnbull[57;58]Uhlmann[59]WLJohnsonTurnbull2001TurnbullJohnsonTurnbullJohnsonAnderson[60]Mott[61]19771960»1980DuwezPolDuwez(1907»1984)13[45]DuwezDuwezCuAuAuAgCuAg`DuwezCuAgGibbsCuAg50/50Duwez106K/s{:19113.PolDuwez(1907»1984)14.(Au-Si)X[7].Cu-AgDuwezAu-Si20¹mAu75Si25(at.%)|[7]DuwezMiroshnichenkoSalli\Splat-quenching|14Au-SiXXDuwezAu-SiDuwez\Non-crystallineStructureinSolidi¯edGold-SiliconAlloys\amorphous\metallicglassNature[7;62]Fe-Si-BDuwez[45]Duwez!DuwezAu-Si1973PondMaddin[63][64][13]1960(A.N.Gubanov)192:ZrPdAl\MetglasTMFe1000Se[65]Turnbull[66]TgTmTrg=Tg=TmTrg2=3[4;5]Trg1958197619601976D.E.CarlsonAndersonMott[22;23]1958N.F.MottM.H.CohenH.FritzscheS.R.Ovshinsky1972W.E.Spear(SiH4)(B2H4)(PH3)pn1976D.E.Carlson[22]106K/1980»1990[67]SchwarzJohnson[68]W.L.Johnson,[69][70][71][72][73]:193(ChenHS)103K/s1»3Pd-Cu-Si[74]Turnbull(KuiWH)FluxingPdNiPPt[75]PdPtPd-PtPdPdA.Inoue[76]W.L.Johnson[47](metalmoldcasting)1»10mmLa-Al-Ni-CuMg-Y-Ni-CuZr-Al-Ni-Cu[73]Cu-Ti-ZrZr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be[77]15ZrTiCuFeNiHfCoCaAu[47;78][79;80]CuZr[81]Ta[82]Sr[83]Zn[84]CaLi[12][85]8»91K/JohnsonZrTiCuNiBe15.[5](LiquidmetalTechnologies)[86]InoueChenHSW.L.JohnsonDuwez2004R.Cahn2005[79]162009Schroers[87]194:16.20mmTiberius42»372005GreerJohnLewandowskiLewandowskiJohnsonPt8%2005Cu47:5Zr47:5Al5[81;88]2007ZrCuNiAl[89]2009Johnson[90]PdZr64Cu26Al10[91][12;14]C.:195deGennes30[51]2010»2020[92]17TfVS122103sTg2Tm/3[66]1013Poise[93]AvF=´vA=ddTg1012Pasv»l=tF»10NA=d»l»0:1mt»109s300Tg300[94»97]86»1010Pas[17]83¢505861002005An-dersonAngell196:17.|TmTghttp:==en:wikipedia:org=wiki=Pitchdropexperiment10¡14»106s1014»10¡5Hz18.[95]18Anderson[9»11]®-¯-:197(1)[98»101][19»21;102»106]NMR[107»109]NMRhcpfcc(2)(liquid-like)(solid-like)1»10nm[33;34;110»113](3)(2%)Mg-DyKc=1:3MPam1=2PdKc=200MPam1=2(Strainrate)10»50nm[114][115»117]STZ198:[15;118;119]33[120;121][12;13;122»124][5;46;48;78][125»128][128;129]Pd200MPapm[130][129]19.SiO2SiO2SiO2SiO21K[133][131][131]50K[132]1970[133]1K191K(two-levelsystems,TLS)[132;134]:19920.[97]TLSTLS1KT31K18T310K(bosonpeak)[134»137][134»143]208020[97]III.AlTi[144]-200:A.1.17224a.(GFA)GFASiO210¡3K/s1010K/s1313JohnsonRc[145]Rc=dT=dt(K=s)=10=D2(cm)(1)D121mm[5;12;144]Pd40Ni10Cu30P2072mm[144]b..21[64]22(TTm)GTTa®¯:20121.22.[64]()GL®¯2[FromAxinteofGh.AsachiTechnicalUniversityofIasi,Romania]G=U¡TSUSUTU!1U23.ABG0ABM®¯X¢G[148]Miediama[146]Calphad[147]3»423[148]|¢Gl¡s(T):¢Gl¡s(T)=¢Hf¡¢Sf¡ZT0T¢Cl¡sp(T)dT(2)+ZT0T¢l¡sp(T)TdT¢Hf¢SfT022(a)¢Gl¡s(T)|(2)202:Thompson[67]¢Gl¡s=¢Sf¢T2TTm+T(3)¢T=Tm¡T.24(a)Au-Si1000±C400±CTg=TmGreer[149]24(b)Ni-ZrTmTg=TmCu-ZrCu-HfNi-NbAg-Al1»3mm[150»153]25Cu-ZrCuZr22c.1711951Turnbull24.(a)Au-Si(b)Ni-Zr[149]25.CuZr[150][154]:203TurnbullCharlesFrankTurnbullVolmerWeber[155]BeckerDoring[156]Tamman[22]TurnbullFisher[157]rrmaxrmaxrmax[156]{¢G=¡4¼=3¤r3¤¢Gl¡s+4¼r2¾(4)¾r¤¢G¤r¤=2¾=¢Gº(5)¢G¤=16¼=3¤¾3=¢G2l¡s(6)µ¢G¤N=¢G¤f(µ)(7)f(µ)=1=4(2+cosµ)(1¡cosµ)2µ·180±f(µ)1I=n¤dn=dt(8)dn=dtdn=dt=