语言学-Chapter4-课后练习答案

Chapter4RevisionExercises1.Whatissyntax?Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Whatisphrasestructurerule?Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelements(i.e.specifiers,heads,andcomplements)thatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows:NP→(Det)N(PP)...VP→(Qual)V(NP)...AP→(Deg)A(PP)...PP→(Deg)P(NP)...WecanformulateasinglegeneralphrasalstructuralruleinwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP.TheXPrule:XP→(specifier)X(complement)3.Whatiscategory?Howtodetermineaword’scategory?Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,inflectionanddistribution.Themostreliableofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?Thestructureformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctioniscalledcoordinatestructure.Ithasfourimportantproperties:1)thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.2)acategoryatanylevelaheadoranentireXPcanbecoordinated.3)coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.4)thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?Aphraseusuallycontainsthefollowingelements:head,specifierandcomplement.Sometimesitalsocontainsanotherkindofelementtermedmodifier.Theroleeachelementcanplay:Head:Headisthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed.Specifier:Specifierhasbothspecialsemanticandsyntacticroles.Semantically,ithelpstomakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.Syntactically,ittypicallymarksaphraseboundary.Complement:Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.Modifier:Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesoftheheads.6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?Therearetwolevelsofsyntacticstructure.Thefirst,formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure(orD-structure).Thesecond,correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledsurfacestructure(orS-structure).7.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.a)Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully.DetANVPDetNAdvb)Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank.DetNAdvVPDetNc)Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools.DetANAuxVDetNPDetNd)Thisclothfeelsquitesoft.DetNVDegA8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrase.a)richinmineralsAPAPPrichinmineralsb)oftenreaddetectivestoriesVPQualVNPoftenreaddetectivestoriesc)theargumentagainsttheproposalsNPDetNPPtheargumentagainsttheproposalsd)alreadyabovethewindowPPDegPNPalreadyabovethewindow9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentences,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreesentences.a)Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.Modifiers:crippled(AdjP),withextremecaution(PP)SNPInflVPAPDetANPstVNPDetNPPPNPAPNAAcrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecautionb)Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.Modifiers:huge(AdjP),intheblacksky(PP)SNPInflVPDetAPNPstVPPAPNPDetAPNAhugemoonhungintheblackskyc)Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.Modifiers:carefully(AdvP),yesterday(AdvP)SNPInflVPDetNPstVNPAdvPDetNAdvPAdvAdvThemanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterdayd)Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm.Modifiers:wooden(AdjP),inthestorm(PP)SNPInflVPDetAPNPPPstVPPAPNPPNPDetNDetNAwoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm10.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.a)Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.SNPInflVPNVNPDetAPNConNAJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpantsb)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.SNPInflVPNPstVPPConVPPPNPPDetNHelenputonherclothesandwentoutc)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.SNPInflVPNPreVAPConAPAPPAPPPNPPNPNNMaryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics11.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.a)YouknowthatIhatewar.SNPInflVPNPreVNPCPCSNPInflVPNPNPreVNPNYouknowthatIhatewarb)GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.SNPInflVPNPreVNPDetNCP-CSNPInflVPNPNPstVNPDetAPNAGerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexamc)ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.SNPInflVPNPstVAPACPCSNPNPInflVPDetNPstVNPNDetNChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royced)Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.SNPInflVPDetNPstVPPPCPCSNPInflVPNPluVNPNThechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings12.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureforeachofthesesentences.a)Theessaythathewrotewasexcellent.DeepStructure:CPCSNPInflVPDetNCPPstVAPCSAuxANPInflVPNPstVNPNTheessayhewrotethatwasexcellentSurfaceStruct