跨文化交际stereotypes

2020/6/29Cross-culturalCommunicationBarrierstoCross-culturalCommunicationStereotypesPrejudiceEthnocentrism2020/6/29Cross-culturalCommunicationStudentswilllearnthat1.Stereotypeskeepusfrombeingsuccessfulascommunicatorsbecausetheyareoversimplified,over-generalized,andexaggerated.2.Stereotypescanhaveanegativeeffectwhenpeopleusethemtointerpretbehavior.Theyareoneofthemostdifficultstumblingblocktoovercomeincross-culturalcommunication.3.Parents,teachers,limitedpersonalcontactandthemedia(movies,TVprograms,advertising,newspapers,booksandmagazines,andevenschooltextbooks)helptomakestereotypes.4.Stereotypesareharmfulincross-culturalcommunication,butwehavesomewaystoreduceoreliminatethem.2020/6/29Cross-culturalCommunicationDiscussionQuestions:1.Whatisstereotyping?2.Thinkaboutasituationwhensomeonemadeabiasedjudgmentaboutyouoractedunfairlytowardyoubecauseofyourage,skincolor,clothesyouwerewearing,gender,thewayyouspeak,whereyoulive,howmuchmoneyyourfamilyhas,orsomeotherreason.3.Howdoweacquirestereotypes?4.Howtoreduceoreliminatestereotypesincross-culturalcommunication?5.Ofstereotyping,prejudice,ethnocentrism,whichonecanbethemostseriousculturalbiasandthebiggestobstacleincross-culturalcommunication?Why?2020/6/29Cross-culturalCommunicationCompletethefollowingsentences,thenchecktheanswerstoseeifthereisanyprejudiceandbigotryinthem:a)AllthestudentsinPEDept.areb)Allpoliticiansarec)Allfemaledoctorholdersared)AllHarvardgraduatesaree)Allrichmenf)Alluniversity/collegeteachersareg)Herboyfriendisfromthenorth,sohemustbeh)Hisgrandfatherisahistoryprofessor,sohemustbei)HedrivesBMW,sohemustbeExamplesofstereotypes2020/6/29Cross-culturalCommunicationWhatisstereotyping?Peopleoftenuselabelsorcategoriestodescribeothers,theselabelscanbebasedonsuchcharacteristicsasclothing,looks,thewayapersontalks,orthegroupstowhichheorshebelongs.Peopleoftenmakeassumptionsaboutgroupsofpeopletheydon'tevenknow.Stereotypearegeneralideasofaperson,createdwithouttakingthewholepersonintoaccount.Whenwestereotypeagroupofpeople,wedepictalloftheindividualswithinthatgroupashavingthesamecharacteristicseventhoughtheyareprobablyallverydifferent.2020/6/29Cross-culturalCommunicationStereotypingisassumingthatapersonhascertainqualities(goodorbad)justbecausethepersonisamemberofaspecificgroup(Jandt,2001).Anexampleofastereotypeisthebeliefthatonegroupofpeopleislazyorpoor,orthatanotherissmartorromantic.Astereotypeisanoversimplifiedstatementbasedonasinglecharacteristic.Theyareoftenbasedonfaultyinformation,theygetinthewayofknowingpeopleasindividuals,andtheycanleadtoseriousmisunderstandings.Stereotypingisgrosssimplificationthatpreventsamoreprofoundunderstandingofothersasindividualsandasmembersofsocialgroups,anditpreventsourdealingeffectivelywithmembersofothersocieties.Stereotypescanhaveanegativeeffectwhenpeopleusethemtointerpretbehavior.Theyareprobablythemostdifficultstumblingblocktoovercomeincross-culturalcommunication.2020/6/29Cross-culturalCommunicationAreasofstereotyping:Age:Allteenagersloverockandrollandhavenorespectfortheirelders.Sex:Allgood-lookinggirlsaresimple-minded.Sexualpreference:Onlymencanbepilots.Race:AllwomeninIslamiccountrieswereclothingthatwillcoveruptheirarmsandlegsandhidetheirbodyshape./AllIndianswearnose-rings.Religion:AllCatholicslovethePopemorethantheircountry.Profession:Allsalesmenaredeceitful./Allairstewardessesaretallandbeautiful.Nationality:AllGermansliketodrinkbeer./Germanshaverules,regulationsandlawsforeverything.Educationlevel:Allthosewithlittleschoolingdonotknowhowtousecomputers.Places:NewYorkisahotbedofallcrimes.Smalltownsaresafeandclean.InEngland,itrainsallthetime.Things:AllluxuriouscarsaremadeinGermany.HousesinAmericaarejustgorgeous,withalargelawn,biggarage,aswimmingpool,andatleasttwobathrooms.Sichuanfoodisveryspicy.2020/6/29Cross-culturalCommunicationThedamagingeffectofstereotypesincross-culturalcommunication:AccordingtoFred,stereotypesareharmfulbecausetheyimpedecommunicationinatleastfourways:Theycauseustoassumethatawidelyheldbeliefistruewhenitmaynotbe.Stereotypesalsoimpedecommunicationwhentheycauseustoassumethatawidelyheldbeliefistrueofanyoneindividual.Thestereotypecanbecomea“self-fulfillingprophecy”forthepersonstereotyped.Whenstereotypesleadustointerpretanindividual’sbehaviourfromtheperceptualscreenofthestereotypetheyimpedecommunication.FredE.Jandt(2001:73)2020/6/29Cross-culturalCommunicationHowtoreduceoreliminatestereotypesincross-culturalcommunication?Althoughitiseasytofallintothehabitofusingstereotypestoprejudgepeople,therearewaystoreducestereotypesandcombatprejudice.Onewayistocheckourownthinking,tobecarefulofjumpingtoconclusionsbasedongeneralizationsorothers'opinions.Anotherwayistopolitelychallengestereotypeswhenwehearthembyofferingevidencethatthestereotypeisfalse.2020/6/29Cross-culturalCommunicationSomeotherwaystoreduceoreliminatestereotypesincross-culturalcommunication:Focusoneverypersonasanindividual.Becomemoreawareofhowstereotypesinterferewithourabilitytoperceiveandinteractwithpeoplefromthetargetculture.Rememberthattherearemo