资料Reading1WHATISSTRESS?Thetermstresshasbeendefinedinseveraldifferentways.sometimesthetermisappliedtostimulioreventsinourenvironmentthatmakephysicalandemotionaldemandsonus,andsometimesitisappliedtoouremotionalandphysicalreactionstosuchstimuli.inthisdiscussion,wewillrefertotheenvironmentalstimulioreventsasstressorsandtotheemotionalandphysicalreactionsasstress.压力这个词已经有几种不同的定义。有时候这个术语适用于我们环境中的刺激或事件,这些刺激或事件会对我们产生身体和情感方面的要求,有时也适用于我们对这种刺激的情绪和身体反应。在这个讨论中,我们将环境刺激或事件称为压力,并将情绪和身体上的反应称为压力。Manysortsofeventsbestressors,includingdisasters,suchashurricanesortornadoes;majorlifeevents,suchasdivorceorthelossofajob;anddailyhassles,suchashavingtowaitinlineatthesupermarketwhenyouneedtobesomewhereelsein10minutes.Whatallthiseventshaveincommonisthattheyinterferewithorthreatouraccustomedwayoflife.whenweencountersuchstressors,wemustpulltogetherourmentalandphysicalresourcesinordertodealwiththechallenge.Howwellwesucceedindoingsowilldeterminehowseriousatollthestresswilltakeonourmentalandphysicalwell-being.许多事件都是压力源,包括灾难,如飓风或龙卷风;重大生活事件,如离婚或失业;每天都有麻烦,比如当你要在10分钟内到别的地方去却不得不在超市排队等。所有这些事件都有共同之处,就是它们干涉或威胁我们习惯的生活方式。当我们遇到这样的压力时,我们必须整合我们的精神和物质资源来应对挑战。我们如何成功地做到这一点将决定压力对我们身心健康将产生多大的影响。ReactingtostressorsTheCanadianphysiologistHansSeylehasbeenthemostinfluentialwriteronstress.Seyleproposedthatbothhumansandotheranimalsreacttoanystressorinthreestages,collectivelyknownasthegeneraladaptationsyndrome.thefirststage,whenthepersonoranimalbecomesawareofthestressoristhealarmreaction.Inthisstagetheorganismbecomeshighlyalertandaroused,energizedbyaburstofepinephrine.Afterthealarmreactioncomesthestageofresistance,astheorganismtriestoadapttothestressfulstimulusortoescapefromit.Iftheseeffortsaresuccessful,thestateoftheorganismreturnstonormal.Iftheorganismcannotadapttothecontinuingstress,however,itentersastageofexhaustionorcollapse.加拿大生理学家HansSeyle在压力方面一直是最有影响力的作家。塞尔提出,人类和其他动物在三个阶段对任何压力源作出反应,统称为一般适应综合症。第一阶段,当人或动物意识到应激源时,就是警报反应。在这个阶段,机体变得高度警觉和激起,并被一阵肾上腺素所激发。当警报反应进入抵抗阶段后,机体试图适应压力刺激或逃避压力。如果这些努力成功,机体的状态就会恢复正常。然而,如果生物体不能适应持续的压力,它就进入衰竭或崩溃的阶段。资料Seyledevelopedhismodelofthegeneraladaptationsyndromeasaresultofresearchwithratsandotheranimals.Inrats,certainstressors,suchaspainfultail-pullingconsistentlyledtothesamesortsofstressreactionsinhumans,however,itishardertopredictwhatwillbestressfultoaparticularpersonataparticulartime.Whetheraparticularstimuluswillbestressfuldependsontheperson’ssubjectiveappraisalofthatstimulus.Howthreateningisit?HowwellhaveIhandledthissortofthinginthepast?howwellwillIbeabletohandleitthistime?foroneperson,beingcalledontogiveatalkinfrontofaclassisahighlystressfulstimulusthatwillimmediatelyproducesuchelementsasapoundingheartandadrymouth.foranotherperson,beingcalledontogiveatalkisnotthreateningatall,butfacingadeadlinetocompleteatermpaperisextremelystressful.inhumans,moreover,thespecificstressreactionislikelytovarywidely;somestressfulsituationsgiverisepredominantlytoemotionsoffear,somegiverisetoanger,andsomegiverisetohelplessnessanddepression.由于对老鼠和其他动物的研究,Seyle开发了他的一般适应综合征模型。在老鼠身上,某些压力因素,比如痛苦的尾巴拉扯,一直导致和人类出现同样的压力反应,然而,在特定的时间很难预测什么会对某个人造成压力。一个特定的刺激是否会产生压力取决于该人对该刺激的主观评价。这有多大威胁?我过去如何处理这类事情?这次我能处理多好?对于一个人来说,在班级面前讲话是一种高度压力的刺激,会立即产生心跳和口干等元素。对另一个人来说,讲话根本不是威胁,但是面对完成学期论文的期限是非常紧张的。此外,在人类中,特定的应激反应可能差异很大;一些压力的情况主要是恐惧情绪,一些引起愤怒,一些引起无助和沮丧。Reading2COPINGWITHSTRESS应对压力ItisFridayeveningandtwoyounglawyersgetphonecallsathome.Thetrialdataforanimportantcasehasbeenmovedup.BothofthelawyerswillnowhavetoprepareareportforthecasebyMondaymorning.Itisathreateningsituationforboth.Eachmustdoextensiveresearchandwriteacomplexdocumentofsome40pages,allinasingleweekend.furthermore,eachknowsthatherworkwillbeevaluatedbythefirm’spartners,andhowwellshedoesmaygreatlyinfluenceherfutureinthefirm.现在是星期五晚上,两位年轻律师在家接到了电话。一个重要案件的审判数据已被公布。现在两位律师都必须在星期一早上准备一份报告。这对双方都是一种威胁。每个人都必须进行广泛的研究,并在一个周末内完成大约40页的复杂文档。此外,每个人都知道她的工作将由公司的合作伙伴进行评估,而且她做得如何可能极大地影响她在公司的未来。资料Oneofthelawyersfindsthesituationextremelystressful;shefeelstremendousanxiety,experiencesheadachesandstomachupset,andhasdifficultyworking.shesomehowmanagestoproduceareport,butsheisnotatallhappywithit.theotherlawyer,althoughshetoofeelsthepressureofthesituation,seesitnotsomuchasathreatbutasachallenge-anopportunitytoshowhowgoodsheis.shemovesintothefirm’sofficesfortheweekendandsleepingonlythreehoursanight,completesabrilliantreportwithaclearmindandasurgeofenergy.asthisexamplehelpsillustrate,stressiscausednotsomuchbyeventsthemselvesasbythewaysinwhichpeopleperceiveandreacttoevents.其中一位律师认为情况极其紧张;她感到非常焦虑,经历头痛,胃部不适,而且很难工作。她以某种方式设法做出报告,但她对此并不满意。另一位律师虽然也感受到了这种情况的压力,但并不认为这是一种威胁,而是一种挑战-一个显示她有多好的机会。她周末进入公司办公室,每晚只睡三个小时,精神清醒,精力充沛,完成了一篇精彩的报告。正如这个有力的例子说明的那样,压力不是由事件本身引起的,而是由人们对事件的感知和反应的方式引起的。Degreeofcontrol控制程度Animportantinfluenceonpeople’sabilitytocopewithstressfulsituationsisthedegreeofcontrolthattheyfeeltheycanexerciseoverthesituation.bothanimalsandhumanshavebeenfoundtocopebetterwithpainfulorthreateningstimuliwhentheyfeeltheycanexercisesomedegreeofcontrolratherthanbeingpassiveandhelplessvictims.suchasenseofcontrolcanhelpminimizethenegativeconsequencesofstress,bothpsycholog