电力品质污染因素

2019/8/4電力品質污染因素電力諧波電壓閃爍三相不平衡電磁場電壓突波與電流突波電壓驟降與電壓昇與電力中斷2019/8/4較常發生污染的負載可歸類電弧爐:(a)交流電弧爐(b)直流電弧爐(c)精煉爐軋鋼馬達設備:(a)閘流體轉換器(b)DC馬達(c)AC變頻馬達高週波感應爐（HFinductionfurnaces）其他非線性負載(1)焊接機(2)打鐵錘和撞槌(3)整流設備(4)螢光燈設備(5)變壓器激磁電流2019/8/4(1)電力諧波(Harmonics)00.020.04-1-0.500.51AMPLITUDE1thorder00.020.04-2-1012AMPLITUDE1th3th&5thorder00.020.04-2-1012TIME(SEC)AMPLITUDE1th4th$7thorder00.020.04-2-1012TIME(SEC)AMPLITUDE1th,2th&3th1th,2th&4th2019/8/4間級諧波(61~119Hz)間級諧波(121~179Hz)間級諧波(181~239Hz)整數級諧波(2,3,4,5,7,…...級)次級級諧波(1~59Hz)偶數級諧波(2,4,6,8,10,…..級)奇數級諧波(3,5,7,9,11,.....級)三倍頻諧波(3,6,9,12,15,...級)2級(120Hz)60Hz61Hz3級(180Hz)頻率(Hz)2019/8/4特性諧波與非特性諧波之別6步脈衝--特性諧波為5,7,11,13,17,19,..6k1.非特性諧波為2,3,4,---.12步脈衝--特性諧波為11,13,23,25,...12k1.非特性諧波為2,3,4,5,7,17,19,..18步脈衝--特性諧波為17,19,35,37,...18k1.非特性諧波為..5,7,11,13,23,25,..2019/8/4正、負、零序諧波之區別n：1234…...N正序諧波：-4級7級10級3n+1負序諧波：2級5級8級11級3n-1零序諧波：3級6級9級12級3n請問25級諧波為?序諧波25/3=8餘1----正序諧波請問41級諧波為?序諧波41/3=13餘2----負序諧波00.10.20.30.40.5-2-1012TIME(SEC)AMPLITUDE10HzMODULATION,TIMEDOMIANWITHA=0.301002003004005000100020003000諧波與電壓閃爍之區別2019/8/4諧波頻率分類之目的不同種類之負載產生不同之諧波頻率?不同之諧波頻率造成不同之事故?不同之諧波頻率採用不同之改善方法?2019/8/4D接變壓器有抑制三倍頻諧波之作用IA3n=IB3n=IC3n=0Ia(h)=3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,...單相整流器含有三倍頻諧波IA(h)=5,7,11,13,17,19,Ib3n6-pulseconverterabcDC24VIa3nIc3nGAI3n+++BCI3nI3n正序諧波(Positive-sequenceharmonics)：級數為(3n+1)之整數諧波，註:n=1,2,3,.....。負序諧(Negative-sequenceharmonics)：級數為(3n-1)之整數諧波。零序諧波(Zero-sequenceharmonics)：級數為(3n)之整數諧波。諧波相序2019/8/4諧波相序之推導(順時鐘正相序，逆時鐘負(逆)相序)Va1Vc1Vb1Va2Vb2Vc2Va3負相序(逆)Vc3Vb3零相序正相序(順)2019/8/4正、負、零序諧波之排列n：1234…...N正序諧波：4級7級10級13級3n+1負序諧波：2級5級8級11級3n-1零序諧波：3級6級9級12級3n請問25級諧波為?序諧波25/3=8餘1----正序諧波請問41級諧波為?序諧波41/3=13餘2----負序諧波2019/8/4區分諧波相序之目的零序諧波電流可能造成地電位昇零序諧波電流可能造成電腦螢光幕扭曲零序諧波電流可能造成保護設備誤動作單相整流器含有零序諧波(三倍頻諧波)負序諧波電流可能造成三相不平衡問題相序諧波潮流分析(正、負、零序網路)其他2019/8/4諧波重點提示一、諧波是什麼(諧波之定義)?二、諧波之產生(諧波來源)?三、諧波之破壞(諧波之影響)?四、諧波之濾除(諧波之改善)?串聯共振與並聯共振?與共振理論諧波四大概論2019/8/4串聯共振諧波特性LCFILTERxfl()xfc()BUSKUTILITYxfs()HARMONICSOURCEIhxfc()BUSKUTILITYxfs()HARMONICSOURCEIhCAPACITORBANKxft1()BusK驅動點阻抗值02004006008001000120014001600051015202530HzIMPEDANCE(ohm)吸收臨近用戶諧波電流之簡圖HARMONICSOURCEIhINDUCTIVELOADS220VBUSxft()TrCAPACITORBANKxfc2()INDUCTIVELOADS11.4kVBUSLOADSUTILITYxfl()LINEIMPEDANCECAPACITORBANKxfc1()PLANTAPLANTB單一電容負載之簡單電力圖BUSKSTATICCAPACITORIhZfs()xcUTILITYHARMONICSOURCE原系統02004006008001000120014001600050100HzGv(f)020040060080010001200140016000200400600HzlZeq'l2019/8/4各級諧波大小頻譜HARMONICSRECORDINGInputchannels:3-phasevoltages3-phasecurrentsOutputrecorddata:Harmonics,angles,andpowers(upto63orders),andTHD2019/8/4諧波改善方法採用高脈衝整流方式(如12-pulse或24-pulse或IGBT)裝置被動式濾波器(PassiveFilters)變壓器Y-△與Y-Y連接交互使用主動式濾波器(ActiveFilters)2019/8/4充電器充電器充電器I1I2I3TPC單相110VBUS單相200VA單相200VA單相200VA單相整流器-電動機車充電器例2019/8/4-20-100102030013263952657891104117130143time(10msec/point)安培(A)I3(三台)I2(二台)I1(一台)三台充電器之電流時域波形2019/8/4單相整流器-電動機車充電器例-200-10001002000timeV(伏特)-30-20-100102030I(安培)V(110V)I(三台)機車充電器三台整流器200VA3I單相110VBUS電壓檢出電流檢出7.513307002040608025811141720232629諧波電流(%)1.545.1024625811141720232629諧波級數諧波電壓(%)823W-500501001234567諧波級數W&VArP(W)Q(Var)2019/8/4D-DD-YFreq.5,7,11,13,..Freq.5,7,11,13,..12步脈衝之特性諧波IL1(t)tD-DIL1(t)D-YtIL2(t)IL2(t)IL(t)11,13,..IL(t)2019/8/4脈波數6步脈波12步脈波Y-D交流側電流波形6步脈波整流器基本架構IA12Y-YIA2IA1IA12D-DIA2IA1D-Y或Y-Y或D-DIA1IA2Y-D或D-Y諧波級數與產生量IA1t3IdcVdc+_3Idch=6k1hIhI1h=6k1hIhI1h=12k1hIhI1k=1,2,3,..IA2t363/2Idc3/IdcIA12363/2Idc3/IdcdcIt2019/8/42019/8/4單相充電器各級諧波電壓失真分佈圖2019/8/482MVA33kV/650V20.52%15MVArCO-GENERATORS385MVAOTHERLOADS180MVA100MVA161kV/22kV10.5%M3UTILITY161kVBUS33kVBUS2thFILTER64.2mH(25%)33kVBUS3thFILTER40.56mH(16.5%)4thFILTER13.55mH(8.6%)9thFILTER4.62mH(1.68%)M4M2SHORTCIRCUITCAPACITY:5784~3280MVAPOWERFACTOR:0.98SYSTEMQUALITYFACTOR:30M1DD/10MVAr15MVAr8MVArY/D+-350V+-350V+-700V直流電弧爐6-Pulse6-Pulse12-Pulse2th3th4th9th2019/8/4-120012001336597msecA57111317THD22.915.010.28.44.331.0035諧波級數%-120012001336597msecA19.310.47.04.02.623.6035諧波級數%57111317THD-30301733mseckV-25002500AVanIa1.10.61.61.40.02.5035257111317THD諧波級數%12-pulse整流器之諧波潮流實例-30301733mseckV-25002500AVanIa0.70.34.53.10.15.603557111317THD%16.4MW16MVAr-3030諧波級數kW&kVArPa(kW)Qa(kVAr)1113-30301733mseckV-500500AVan9th-10.9kW-2.5MVAr-3030諧波級數kW&kVArPQ111333kVBUS#1REC.6-pulseM3#2REC.6-pulse9thFILTER8MVAr2th,3th,4th濾波器(合計40MVAr)與其他負載12-pulseDC-EAF85噸..爐變容量82MVAM4M1M2M52019/8/418步脈衝整流之特性32.8MVA22kV/230V7.82%#3RECTIFIER30.4MVAPF:0.81MOTORLOADS3MVA22kVBUS32.8MVA22kV/230V7.73%32.8MVA22kV/230V7.8%#1RECTIFIER30.4MVAPF:0.81#2RECTIFIER30.4MVAPF:0.81M4D100/YD100/YYY/2019/8/4三個6步脈衝之特性諧波-1500-1000-50005001000150006.5113.0219.5326.0432.5539.0645.57TIME(msec)CURRENT(A)#1REC.#2REC.#3REC.2019/8/4三台整流變壓器與總電流諧波成份比較(A)456781011121317193537M4#1REC.#2REC.#3REC.020406080100120140HARMONICCURRENT(A)HARMONICORDER2019/8/418步脈衝之特性諧波-4000-3000-2000-10000100020003000400006.5113.0219.5326.0432.5539.0645.57TIME(msec)CURRENT(A)2019/8/4TR2228100/125/150MVA161kV/33kV10.5%UTILITY33kV27.4MVAr33kV22.4MVAr5thFILTER6%5thFILTER6%SHORTCIRCUITCAPACITY:5784~3280MVAPOWERFACTOR:0.98SYSTEMQUALITYFACTOR:3033kVBUS57