科技英语翻译-4a

科技英语翻译的基本方法和技巧词义的引申在翻译过程中，译者常常会遇到英语中有一些单词或词组中，无法从词典等工具书找到其直接、恰当、准确的释义。如果硬要牵强附会，照搬词典里的某个释义，那么译文定会晦涩难懂，不符合汉语语言规范和翻译所要求的标准。遇到这种情况，译者可以结合上下文，根据语气、逻辑关系、搭配习惯及全句的技术含义等方面的情况，在准确理解原文含义的基础上，按照汉语的表达习惯，对词义加以引申。专业化引申Hismotherdiedofdifficultlabor.Themajorprobleminmanufacturingisthecontrolofcontaminationandforeignmaterial.Therunningofsuchautomatedestablishmentsremainsonlyamatterofreadingvariousmetersmountedonpanels.Moreweightmustbeplacedonthepasthistoryofpatients.Thebacterialpneumoniamaycomplicateinfluenzaatbothextremesofage.他母亲死于难产。（困难的劳动）制造时的一个主要问题是控制污染和杂质。（外界物质）管理这种自动化工厂只不过要求查看一下控制台上的各种仪表而已。（阅读）必须更加重视患者的病史。（过去的历史）幼儿和老年流行性感冒患者可并发细菌性肺炎。（年龄的两个极端）Thedoctormayinsertthinneedlesintotheskinofapatientatkeypointsalongmeridians.Everythingisready,soIcallthemorningpaperuponthescreen.Thiskindofwoodworkseasily.Thepatienthadbeengiventhreetransfusionsafterhewasadmittedintothehospital.Thismedicineactswellontheheart.医生可以把一些细针沿病人身上的经络插进穴位中。（关键点一切准备就绪，于是我把早报调入屏幕。（喊叫）这种木料易于加工。（工作）病人入院后已输过三次血了。（给）这种药治疗心脏病疗效很好。（起作用）具体化或形象化引申Otherthingsbeingequal,copperheatsupfasterthaniron.Therearemanythingsthatshouldbeconsideredindeterminingcuttingspeed.Thethermometerrisesorfallsaccordingastheairishotorcold.Australianresearchershavedevelopedanimplantablehearingprosthesisthatinserts22electrodesintotheinnerearandisconnectedtoapocketspeechprocessor.其他条件相同时，铜比铁热得快。（事情）在测定切削速度时，应当考虑许多因素。（事情）温度计的液柱随空气的冷热而下降或上升。（温度计）澳大利亚研究人员已经研制了一种可植入的假耳。该假耳将22个电极插入内耳并与一台袖珍语言信息处理机相连。（听觉假体）Otherthingsbeingequal,copperheatsupfasterthaniron.Therearemanythingsthatshouldbeconsideredindeterminingcuttingspeed.Thethermometerrisesorfallsaccordingastheairishotorcold.Australianresearchershavedevelopedanimplantablehearingprosthesisthatinserts22electrodesintotheinnerearandisconnectedtoapocketspeechprocessor.其他条件相同时，铜比铁热得快。（事情）在测定切削速度时，应当考虑许多因素。（事情）温度计的液柱随空气的冷热而下降或上升。（温度计）澳大利亚研究人员已经研制了一种可植入的假耳。该假耳将22个电极插入内耳并与一台袖珍语言信息处理机相连。（听觉假体）Fortheaverageconsumer,voice-activateddevicesareaconvenience;fortheelderlyandhandicapped,theymaybecomeindispensableforawidevarietyofchoresinthehome.对一般使用者来说，声触发装置能提供方便，而对老年人和残废者来说，它可能成为从事各种家庭杂务时必要的帮手。（不可缺少）Alargesegmentofmankindturnstountrammellednatureasalastrefugefromencroachingtechnology.许多人都想寻找一块自由自在的地方，作为他们躲避现代技术侵害的世外桃源。（最后的避难所）Hersoftfeatureseffectivelyhidherstrongmechanicalfoundation.她柔媚的容貌巧妙地掩饰了她那强有力的机械躯体。（基础）Whiletheresultsmayseemdiscouragingtosmokerswho’dliketoquitwithoutgainingweight.对于那些想戒烟但又不想发胖的吸烟者来说，实验结果似乎给他们泼了冷水。（令人泄气）Ingeneral,thedesignprocedureisnotstraightforwardandwillrequiretrialanderror.一般说来，设计过程不是一帆风顺的，而需要反复试验。（简单的）Steelandcastironalsodifferincarbon.钢和铸铁的含碳量也不相同。（碳）概括化或抽象化引申Americanseveryyearswallow15,000tonsofaspirin,oneofthesafestandmosteffectivedrugsinventedbyman.Alloysbelongtoahalf-wayhousebetweenmixturesandcompounds.In24hourstheheartinahumanbodyreceivesandpumpsoutsome1000quartsofblood.Theyear2000problembringsthelargestcompaniesintheworldtotheirknees.Industrializationandenvironmentaldegradationseemtogohandinhand.阿司匹林是人类发明的最安全、最有效的药物，美国每年要消耗15000吨。（吞咽）合金是介于混合物和化合物之间的一种中间结构。（两地间中途歇脚的客栈）24小时内，通过人的心脏循环的血液约为1000夸脱。（接受或泵出）2000年问题使世界上最大的公司都要向它屈服。（使跪下）工业化发展似乎伴随着环境的退化。（携手）Inthemicrobialtransformationofcontaminants,organismscaneither“eat”thetoxinsorbreakthemdownintheprocessofconsumingothersubstances.在对污染物进行微生物转化的过程中，生物会清除毒素或在消耗其他物质时把这些毒素分解。（吃掉）Theresearchperformedonsmokersatrestindicatesthatsmokersburnmorecaloriesthannonsmokers.对处于静息状态的吸烟者所作的研究表明，吸烟者比非吸烟者消耗的热量要多。（燃烧）Theplanforlaunchingtheman-madesatellitestillliesonthetable.那项发射人造卫星的计划仍被搁置，无法执行。（放在桌子上）Thefurnaceeatsupfuelattherateofthreetonsperhour.炉子以每小时三吨的速度消耗燃料。（吃光）Superconductivitytechnologyisnowinitsinfancy.超导体技术正处于发展的初级阶段。（婴儿期）试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作专业化引申：Rubberisnothard,itgiveswaytopressure.Formillionsofpeoplesufferingfromarthritis,itistheonlythingthatworks.Porcelainiscommonlyusedtoresistelectriccurrent.Whenwespeak,soundwavesbegintotravelandgoinalldirections.Zinciseasytoobtainfromitsore.Key:橡胶性软，受压变形。对于千百万关节炎患者来说，这是惟一奏效的药物。陶瓷常用来隔绝电流。我们说话时，声波就开始向四面八方传播。锌容易从锌矿中提炼。试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作具体化或形象化引申：Therearethreethingswehavetoknowabouteveryforceinordertobeabletounderstandtheeffectitproduced.Athighfrequencieswheretheintegrationtimeisshort,resultswillbedisplayedinrapidsuccessionandpossiblyleaveinsufficienttimefortheusertorecordthem.Thepurposeofadrilleristocutholes.Theenergyissosmallthatsomethingmustbedonetopreventthecompletelossofsignal.Theforesightandcoverageshownbytheinventoroftheprocessaremostcommendable.Key:要了解力的作用，我们必须懂得力的三要素。在高频条件下，积分时间很短，答案会接二连三地快速显示出来，用户可能来不及把答案记录下来。钻床的功能是钻孔。由于能量太小，必须采取措施以防止信号完全丢失。这种方法的发明者所表现的远见卓识和渊博知识，给人以良好的印象。试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作概括化或抽象化引申：Therearethreestepswhichmustbetakenbeforewegraduatefromtheintegratedcircuittechnology.Thebookisperhapstoohigh-poweredfortechnicianingeneral.Theshortestdistancebetweenrawmaterialandafinishedpartisprecisioncasting.Atthesocietymuchcross-fertilizationofmindsalwaystakesplace.Theexpenseofsuchaninstrumenthasdiscourageditsuse.Key:我们要完全掌握集成电路，还必须经过三个阶段。这本书对一般技术员来说也许内容太深