美国文学史脉络第一部分:殖民时期的美国:ColonialAmerica17c早——18c末a)从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始,描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。b)另一类为清教作品1.WilliamBradford威廉·布拉德福德1590-1657最杰出的北美开拓者之一;“OfPlymouthPlantation”《普利茅斯种植园史》2.AnneBradstreet安妮·布拉德斯特里特1612-1672殖民地时期美国第一位诗人“TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica”《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》3.PhilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺:1752-1832第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“FatherofAmericanPoetry”(美国诗歌之父)TheWildHoneySuckle《野地里的忍冬》,TheIndianBuryingGround《印第安人墓地》4.JonathanEdwards乔纳森·爱德华兹:1703-1758“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”《愤怒的上帝手中之罪人》超验论由清教徒的虔诚演变而来在乔纳森·爱德华兹的哲理得到发展继而传给爱默生5.BenjaminFranklin富兰克林1706-1790Jackofalltrades,oneofthemakersofAmerica,araregeniusinhumanhistory.a)HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheU.S.:唯一一个签署了以下四项文件的美国人,而这四项文件奠定了美国独立的基础。TheDeclarationofIndependence独立宣言TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance美法同盟条约TheTreatyofPeacewithEnglan英美和平条约Constitution宪章b)HisclaimtoaplaceinliteraturerestschieflyonhisPoorRichard’sAlmanacandAutobiography.富兰克林在文学上的地位确立主要是基于《穷理查德年鉴》His“Autobiography”wasthefirstofitskindinliterature(文学史上该类作品开山之作),andrevealsthepatternofPuritan:simplicity,directness,concision(简单、直接、明朗).第二部分:AmericanRomanticism:浪漫主义----主要兴盛于19世纪上半页1.WashingtonIrving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859美国第一位使美国文学以独立的形象出现于世界文学舞台的美国作家;也是第一位美国浪漫主义时期出色的散文杂文家。①ThefirstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.②ThefatherofAmericanliterature.Mostfamouswork”TheSketchofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent”《见闻杂记》---“RipVanWinkle”and“ThelegendofSleepyHollow”在该短篇小说集中《普瑞·凡·温克尔》与《睡谷的传说》最经典。TheSketchBook见闻札记1).TheshortstoryasagenreinAmericanliterature开创美国短片小说先河2).TheSketchBookalsomarkedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticism标志着浪漫主义的开始IrvingstoriesareamongthebestofAmericanshortstories美国短篇小说之最2.JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯·菲尼莫·库珀1789-18511).RespectfullyrememberedasamasterofadventurousnarrativesandasthecreatorofanAmericanhero-myth.历险题材的小说家,首创了美国的历史传奇小说。2).“Leather-stockingTales”《皮袜子故事集》ThePioneers《拓荒者》TheLastoftheMohicans《最后的莫希干人》Theprairie《大草原》ThePathfinder《探鹿者》TheDeerslayer《猎鹿者》Thegreatnessofcoopera.HecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodofAmericannation创造美国格式时代的神话b.HewrotewithincreasingawarenessoftheimportancetofictionoftheWesternFrontier.c.Hewasatoncedevotedtoprinciplesofsocialorderandresponsivetotheideaofnatureandfreedominthewilderness.他马上接受了新的社会规则,对自然和自由的理念做出了回应第三部分:NewEnglandTranscendentalism:超验主义Authors:Emerson&Thoreau;Hawthorne&Melville;Whiteman&Dickenson;AllenPoe1.RalphWaldoEmerson:拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生1803-1882强调“oversoul”(超灵)作品:1.Nature论自然2.TheAmericanScholar论美国学者3.Self-reliance论自立NatureregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism超验主义的圣经TheAmericanScholarregardedasAmerican’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependenceEmerson’soptimistic1)Truepoetryandtrueartshouldennoble.Itshouldserveasamoralpurificationandapassagetowardorganicunityandhigherreality真正的诗歌和艺术是高贵的,是为净化灵魂使之达到有机统一儿通向更高的现实而服务的2)Emersonplacesemphasisonideas,symbols,andimaginativewords.他注重信念,象征和有想象力的词语3)Astotheme,emersoncalleduponAmericanauthorstocelebrateAmericawhichwastohimalongpoeminitself,tocelebratethelifeoftoday.他号召美国作家为美国和今天的生活写作,对他来说,美国本身就是一首长诗Emerson’sWritingFeaturesa.Heplacedemphasisonspiritortheoversoul,whichisthemostimportantthingintheuniversityb.Hestressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.c.HeregardedNatureasthesymbolofspirit.d.Emerson’simportanceintheintellectualhistoryofAmericaliesinthefactthathemakethenationhaveitsownfeature.标志着美国文化有了自己的地位,特色2.HenryDavidThoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862强调“nature”Hismasterpiece,Walden,isthefirstandforemost,isthebookonself-cultureandhumanperfectibility.《瓦尔登湖》这是一本关于自我修养与完善的书。Itisaboutman.Whatheis,whatheshouldbeandmustbe.3.NathanialHawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑:1804-1864darkromantic悲剧式人文主义TheScarletLetter《红字》novelYoungGoodmanBrown《好人布朗》shortstoryTheHouseofSevenGables七个尖角阁的房子4.WaltWhitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892thefatheroftreeverse自由体之父“LeavesofGrass”《草叶集》5.EdgerAllanPoe埃德加·艾伦·坡1809-849Stories:TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》WilliamWilson《威廉·威尔逊》Ligeia《丽姬娅》ThecaskofAmontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》Poems:TheRaven《乌鸦》,AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔·李》,Sonnet—ToScience,ToHelen,ToIsrafel《十四行诗—致科学、致海伦、致伊斯拉菲尔》HisLiteraryPosition:Thefatherofmodernshortstory;Thefatherofdetectivestory;ThefatherofPsychoanalyticCriticismPoe’spoems’theorya)Poemsshouldbeshort,conciseandreadableatonesitting.b)Theaimofpoemwritingisbeauty;c)themostbeautifulthingdescribedbyapoemisthedeathofabeautifulwoman;thedesirabletoneofapoemismelancholy悲伤.d)Heopposeddidacticpoems.反对说教诗歌e)Hestressedtheformofpoem,especiallythebeautifulandneatrhyme.Poe’sshortstory’stheorya)Theshortstorymustbesuchlengthastobereadatonesitting(brevity)b)Theveryfirstsentenceoughttohelptobringoutthe“singleeffect”ofthestory.第一句话使读者对故事有一个简单的印象c)Nowordshouldbeusedwhichdoesnotcontributetothe“pre-established”Designofthework(compression).“不为简单服务的句子都不应该在其中”d)Ataleshouldrevealsomelogicalwith“thefullestsatisfaction,”andshouldendwiththelastsentence,leavingasenseoffinalitywiththereader.故事应该最大程度的展露某些合乎逻辑的真理,最后收尾的一句话应该使读者感到故事圆满结束Poe’sachievementa)theestablishmentofanewsymbolicpoetry;b)theformalization(形式化)ofthenewshortstory;c)theinventionofthestoryofdetection(侦探)andthebroadeningofsciencefiction;d)thefoundationofanewfictionofpsychologicalanalysi