III摘要红茶是以茶树的芽叶为原料,经过萎凋、揉捻(切)、发酵、干燥等典型工艺过程精制而成。由于茶叶有特定的采摘季节,明显限制了传统红茶的生产。近年来,关于改进红茶加工工艺的研究虽多,也只是在提高品质方面,少有涉及鲜叶的保存与运输、茶叶生产的季节性限制。红茶的制茶工艺并不复杂,但在加工过程中各种成分的变化却是十分复杂,在红茶加工过程中,鲜叶中的化学成份变化较大,茶多酚大量减少,产生了茶黄素、茶红素等新的成份。香气物质从鲜叶中的50多种,增至300多种。一部分咖啡碱、儿茶素和茶黄素络合成滋味鲜爽的络合物。本文基于红茶传统的加工工艺中添加一项工艺——冷冻,首先将茶鲜叶在冷冻状态下保存一段时间,然后再根据传统做法制成红茶,并探究冷冻对传统工艺红茶品质的影响。冷冻处理后的鲜叶,经分析其细胞破损率,结果表明:鲜叶的细胞损伤率可达到85.7%,说明冷冻方式可较有效损伤叶细胞。应用传统红茶、鲜叶冷冻不同处理制法,探讨鲜叶冷冻制作红茶方式。结果表明:加工工艺的改变,红茶主要内含成分的含量也发生了不同程度的变化;鲜叶冷冻制作的红茶茶多酚、氨基酸的含量明显高于传统红茶,咖啡碱和可溶性糖的含量则低于传统红茶。感官品质亦表明:鲜叶冷冻制作的红茶滋味、汤色和叶底均优于传统红茶品质,而其香气则稍逊于传统红茶,说明鲜叶冷冻应用于红茶是可行的。对鲜叶冷冻时间和温度与发酵时间和温度,采用正交设计L9(34),分别以茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖、咖啡碱、TFs、TRs、TBs及感官品质为目标,探讨冷冻处理制作工夫红茶的较佳工艺。茶多酚正交试验结果分析表明:处理样A3B1C3D2(发酵时间170min、发酵温度22℃、冷冻时间9d、冷冻温度-40℃)试验设定条件最有利于茶多酚的积累,而感官品质结果显示,适当降低茶多酚的含量有利于红茶品质的提高。氨基酸正交试验结果分析表明:处理样A1B1C1D1(发酵时间110min、发酵温度22℃、冷冻时间3d、冷冻温度-20℃)对氨基酸的累积条件亦最佳。可溶性糖正交试验结果分析表明:处理样A3B3C2D1(发酵时间170min、发酵温度32℃、冷冻时间6d、冷冻温度-20℃)对可溶性糖的保留量条件最佳,且感官品质结果显示该处理样滋味甜醇,综合品质最佳。咖啡碱正交试验结果分析表明:处理样A2B3C1D2(发酵时间140min、发酵温度32℃、冷冻时间3d、冷冻温度-40℃)对咖啡碱的保留量条件最佳,但咖啡碱的含量与红茶品质无明显的相关性,对红茶品质并非最佳,只可作为一项参考指标。茶黄素正交试验结果分析表明:处理样A2B1C2D3(发酵时间140min、发酵温度22℃、冷冻时间6d、冷冻温度-70℃)对茶黄素的保留量条件最佳,茶黄II素含量与红茶品质呈高度正相关,茶黄素含量愈高,愈有利于红茶品质的提高,所以在加工过程中应尽量保留茶黄素的含量。茶红素正交试验结果分析表明:A1B2C2D2(发酵时间110min、发酵温度27℃、冷冻时间9d、冷冻温度-40℃)对茶红素的保留量条件最佳,但茶红素的含量太高会使茶汤深暗、鲜爽度低,故茶红素的含量应适量。茶褐素正交试验结果分析表明:处理样A1B1C1D1(发酵时间110min、发酵温度22℃、冷冻时间3d、冷冻温度-20℃)的茶褐素含量最低。综合上述较优的结果,处理样A1B1C1D1、A3B3C2D1、A2B1C2D3的加工工艺条件不论是在增加有效生化成分,还是感官品质都有利于红茶品质的提高;香气方面:A1B1C1D1香精油总量虽然较低,但芳香物质数量偏高,A3B3C2D1、A2B1C2D3的香精油总量和芳香物质数量在所有处理样中均处于中等,符合一般红茶标准。较高红茶品质主要内含成分一般要求茶多酚、咖啡碱、TRs适量,氨基酸、可溶性糖、TFs偏高,TBs尽可能少。故结合感官品质和实际生产成本,A1B1C1D1工艺条件,即发酵时间110min、发酵温度22℃、冷冻时间3d、冷冻温度-20℃有利于红茶品质提高,且生产成本较低,更易实现实际生产。关键词:红茶,冷冻,发酵,成分,品质iAbstractBlackteaintheshootsofteaasrawmaterialisrefinedbywithering,rolling(cut),fermentation,dryingandothertypicalprocess.Astheteahasspecificpickingseason,significantlylimitingtheproductionoftraditionalblacktea.Inrecentyears,researchonimprovingtheprocessingofblackteaarenumerous,itwasonlytoimproveofthequality,fewinvolvedinthepreservationandtransportationoffreshleavesandtherestriction.Productionprocessofblackteaisnotcomplicated,butthechangesbetweenthevariouscomponentsintheprocessareverycomplex.Thechemicalcompositionoffreshleavesischangeddramaticallyinprocessofblacktea.Teapolyphenolsreducedbymorethan90%,transformedintoothersubstancessuchastheaflavins,thearubiginsetc.Aromasubstanceshaveincreasedfrom50kindsoffreshleavestomorethan300kinds.Partofthecaffeine,catechinsandtheaflavinsconverttocomplexeswithfreshandbrisktaste.Basedontheteathetraditionalprocess,weaddaprocedure-frozentoexploretheeffectoffreezingontraditionalblackteaquality.Firstkeepingthefreshleavesstoredinthefrozenstateforsometime,andthenmakesthemofblackteaaccordingtotraditionalpractices.Analyzethecellbreakagerateoffrozenfreshleaves,theresultsshowedthat:Thedamagerateoffreshleavescellcanreach85.7%,whichillustratefrozencanmoreeffectiveinjurythecellsofleaves.Usingdifferentprocessesastraditionalblackteaandfreezingfreshleaves.Explorethewayofmakingblackteabyfreezingthefreshleaves.Theresultsshowedthat:Iftheprocessingischanged,themaincontentsofthetea-containingcomponentwillalsovarywithdifferentdegrees.Polyphenolsandaminoacidcontentweresignificantlyhigherthanthetraditionalblacktea;thecontentsofcaffeineandsolublesugarweredecreased.Sensoryreviewalsoshowedthat:Thesensoryqualityscoreinaspectsoftaste、liquorcolorandinfusedleavesofblackteaaddingfrozenprocesseswerehigherthanthetraditionalblackteaexceptaroma.Inordertofurtherobtainthebestcombinationoffreezingtime、temperaturefreezingandfermentationtime、fermentationtemperature,theauthoruseL9(34)orthogonalexperimentaldesign,andtakepolyphenols,aminoacids,solublesugar,caffeine,TFs,TRs,TBsandsensoryqualityasthegoal.Theresultsofteapolyphenolsorthogonaltestanalysisshowedthat:TheconditionofA3B1C3D2(Fermentationtime170min,fermentationtemperature22°C,thefreezingtime9d,freezingtemperature-40°C)ismostconducivetoiitheaccumulationofteapolyphenols.Thesensoryqualityresultsshowthatappropriatelyreducedthecontentofteapolyphenolsisconducivetotheimprovementofteaquality.Theresultsofaminoacidsorthogonaltestanalysisshowedthat:TheconditionofA1B1C1D1(Fermentationtime110min,fermentationtemperature22°C,thefreezingtime3d,freezingtemperature-20°C)ismostconducivetotheaccumulationofaminoacids.Theresultsofsolublesugarorthogonaltestanalysisshowedthat:TheconditionofA3B3C2D1(Fermentationtime170min,fermentationtemperature32°C,thefreezingtime6d,freezingtemperature-20°C)ismostconducivetotheaccumulationofsolublesugar,Andthesensoryqualityresultsshowthatittastessweetandsynthesizedqualityisbest.Theresultsofcaffeineorthogonaltestanalysisshowedthat:TheconditionofA2B3C1D2(Fermentationtime140min,fermentationtemperature32°C,thefreezingtime3d,freezingtemperature-40°C)ismostconducivetotheaccumulationofcaffeine.Butthereisnoobviouscorrelationbetweenthecontentofcaffeineandblacktea’squality,whichonlytobeusedasareferentialindicator.TheresultsofTFsorthogonaltestanalysisshowsthat:TheconditionofA2B1C2D3(Fermentationtime140min,ferm