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Unit1Scienceisakindofknowledgewhichisaveryusefultoolinsolvingthetechnicalproblemsofindustry,agriculture,warfare,andmedicine.Tounderstandthewidthanddepthtowhichsciencecanbeappliedtothematerialandspiritualproblemsthatconfrontindividualsandnationsrequiresanunderstandingofwhatsciencereallyis.ThewordsciencecomestousfromaLatinword,scire,whichmeans“toknow”.Then,inabroadsense,scienceissimplywhatweknow,thetotalofallhumanknowledge.Butthedefinitionofscienceasallhumanknowledgewouldnotbeaworkableone,foritisobviousthattherearedifferenttypesofknowledge.Thekindsdifferaccordingtohowtheknowledgewasobtained,andalsoaccordingtowhatframeofexperienceitfits.Whatweknowofthearts,literature,law,religion,andtechnicalknow-how,aremoreorlessseparatefundsofknowledge.Theyhavelittletodowithwhatwecommonlycallscience.Scienceisalsocallednaturalsciencetodistinguishitfromotherbranchesoflearning.Scienceisconcernedwithnature,thatis,withknowledgeofthecharacteristicsandoperationsofanyandallnaturalthingsandhappenings.Scienceembracesallofnature,andexpressesourbestideasofhownaturalphenomenaarerelatedtoeachotherandaretobeformedintowhatiscalledtheuniverse.Sciencehasmanycharacteristics,andtounderstandwhatscienceisrequiresadetailedexaminationofthesepropertiesandpeculiarities.Anumberofwritershaveassertedthatscienceisreallyonlyamethod—thescientificmethod.Suchadefinitionisanoversimplification,butitiscertainthatthesciencemethodplaysanimportantroleindeterminingthenatureofscientificknowledge.Unit3Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimishardlybelievable.Itisalmostimpossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Justthinkwhatfuntheyoftenprovide!Imaginewhatabusandrailwaystationwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements?Wouldyouenjoygazinghelplesslyatabankwallwhilewaitingforabusortrain?Wouldyouliketoreadadailypaperclosely-printedwithcolumnsofnews?Acheerful,wittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaper.Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,radioortelevisionstationscouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypapercanenjoysomanyprogramsonairisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe“smallads”whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaper.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justabouteverythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns,forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeath.It’stheadvertisementamongtheadvertisements.UnitfourFewgreatnamesinmusicspellasmuchmagictotheaverageconcert-goerasthatofTachaikowsky.Inalmosteverymusicalfromwillbefoundaworkofhisrankinghighinpopularity.Andquitedeservedlyso.Tschaikowsky’smusicisfilledwithawarmhumanityandstirringdrama.Thethemesandfeelingareeasytograsp.Thepersonal,intimatenoteissostronginthismusicthatwefinditnatural,whilelisteningtothePatheticSymphonyortheNutcrackerBalletSuite,forexample,toshareTschaikowsky’sjoysandsorrows.Hismusicseemstotakeusintohisconfidenceandshowusthesecretplacesofhisheart.AlthoughTschaikowsky’srangeofmoodsiswide—fromthewhimsicalplayoflightfantasytostormyoutcriesofanguish—essentiallyhewasamelancholyman,inhismusicasinhislife.Perhapsitisthegenuinenessofhismusicinconveyingstrongemotionsandsufferingthathasdrawnmillionstohissymphoniesandconcertos.Afranksincerityandwarm-heartednessflowfromhismusic.Thebestofhismelodieslingerhauntinglyinthemindandheart.Aslongassincerefeelingexpressedinsincereartisticfromcanmovetheheartsofmen,Tschaikowsky’smusicwillcontinuetoholdahighplaceintheconcerthallandoperahouse.OnlyBeethovenandMozartcanrivalTschaikowskyinthenumberofcompositionsinvariousmusicalformsthatstandsoutasrepertoryfavorites.Tschaikowsky’sviolinconcertoisasmucha“request”itemasBeethoven’s.ThePatheticSymphonyrankswiththethreeorfourenduringfavoritesoftherepertory.Tschaikowsky’sNutcrackerballetisprobablythemostpopularsuiteofitskindinmusic.UnitsixEmphasison“practicalities”isbeingcharacterizedbythesubordinationofthesocialsciencestothenaturalsciences.Historyisseennotasessentialexperiencetobetransmittedtonewgenerations,butasabstractionsthatcarrystaleodors.Artisregardedassomethingthatcallsforindulgenceorpatronageandthathasnoplaceamongthepracticalrealities.Politicalscienceisviewedmoreasaspecializedsubjectforpeoplewhowanttogointopoliticsthanasanopportunityforcitizenstodevelopaknowledgeablerelationshipwiththesystemsbywhichhumansocietiesaregoverned.Finally,literatureandphilosophyareassignedtheroleofintellectualadornmentsthathavenothingtodowith“genuine”education.Notingismorevaluableforanyonewhohashadaprofessionalorvocationaleducationthantobeabletodealwithabstractionsorcomplexities,ortofeelcomfortablewithsubtletiesofthoughtorlanguage,ortothinklogically.Thedoctorwhoknowsonlyaboutdiseaseisatadisadvantagecomparedwiththedoctorwhoknowsatleastasmuchaboutpeopleashedoesaboutpathologicalorganisms.Forthetechnologist,theengineeringofco-operationcanbejustasimportantastheengineeringofmovingparts.Thesocialscienceswouldbeexpandabl