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如何组段成章（段落提高）好段落的特征内容丰富（fullness）、段落思想统一（unity）、段落内容连贯（coherence）.内容丰富（fullness）什么叫内容丰富如何做到内容丰富a.逻辑安排上：多方面、深层次的发展段落中心b.细节例子上：具体、详实段落思想统一（unity）什么叫?段落思想统一如何做到段落思想统一每段有一个明确的主题句topicsentence然后围绕此句展开，起指引写作方向的作用段落内容连贯（coherence）什么叫段落内容连贯如何做到段落内容连贯：a.在人称、单复数上保持统一在时态上保持统一b.注意使用转承语transitionalwords段落写作（基本段落结构）开头段（introduction）要达到的写作目的!包含内容：a.引言（generalstatement）b.观点句（thesisstatement）开头的方法：（6种）第1种：开门见山（最保险）第2种：现象法（最常见）经济方面Withthedevelopment/growthofeconomy,…Astheeconomyisrapidlydeveloping,…Withtheincreasinglyrapideconomicglobalizationandurbanization,…more…(problems)arebroughttoourattention社会方面Asthesocietyadvanced,peopleareattachingmuchmoreimportanceto…Asoursocietyisadvancing,people’sdemandshavebecomeincreasinglydiversified.科技应用方面As…iswidelyusedinallaspectsoflife,…Asoneofthemostimportantinventionsofthe20thcentury,…hasfoundedawideapplicationinallaspectofourlives提出问题（最具吸力）Theanswerisnegative/positivehardly，Surely引用数据：（最真实，有可信度)Withapopulationaccountingfornearlyonequarteroftheworld’spopulation,mycountryChina,hasbeensufferingfromseriouslossofarableland,whichnowhardlyaccountsfor7%ofoverallarablelandoftheworld.下定义（最直观，一目了然）Petsrefertotheanimalskeptinhouse,likecats,dogs,birds,andevensnakesorlizards引用名言.谚语等Bible最有力“Mancannotlivebybreadalone.”ThatisaBiblequotation,thetruthofwhichhasbeenrecognizedforthousandsofyears.Itmeansthatfoodanddrinkarenotenoughtosustainman,thatpracticalthingsarenotsufficienttotakemancontent,andthatmanhasasoulanddreamstothefinerthingsinlife名人也权威：“Knowledgeispower.”Suchisremarkof……谚语也是检验过的真理谚语：Sogoestheoldsaying.Justastheoldsayinggoes,.Thereismuchtruthintheoldsaying…Inotherwords,nothingismoreimportantthan…(onone’swayto…)名言：…Suchisremarkof…Oneofthegreatestmen(scientists/philosophers/writers)onceremarked,Itistruethat…开头段四个原则注意观点的范围观点表述要语气坚定，避免动摇心虚不要出现：Inmyhumbleopinion…Thoughmanypeopleopposemyview,Iwouldliketoprefer…Iamnotsureaboutthis,but也不可太唐突，应该有铺垫不要写Mypurposeofthispaperis…Myanswerofthisquestionis…Inthispaper,Iwillattemptto避免观点绝对一般化some,sometimes,inmostcases,generally/relativelyspeaking主体段（mainbody）写作目的从各个角度说明主题（论据、例子）包含内容：A,段落主题句B,支持性细节各种详细的例子，包括个人经历、统计数据等等，用来支持段落的中心三种例子客观例子主观例子假想例子tobeginwith,tostartwith,forexample,forinstance,take…forexample,let’stakethecaseof…forinstance.Alltheexamplescometoindicatethat…Accordingtothestatistics/data/surveyof…,thereare…Justimagine…Supposethat…陈述原因Oneoftheprimarycauses/reasonsisthat…Thereasons/causesfortheincrease/growth/developmentdecrease/declinecanbeexplained/illustrated/demonstratedintermof…Anotherfactorthatshouldbetakenintoconsiderationisthat…Yet/Still…,anotherreasonisthat…段落结束句简单重复段落的大意主体段（理由段）写作原则（a,是理由、b,是例子）注意东西方的思维差异理由的选取：（好理由是好作文的灵魂）切题（食品容易准备一题）具体（在社区建工厂）理由一：建造新的工厂促进经济发展理由二：可以招收更多工人促进地区就业（好）单一：Itismoreeconomical,morehealthful,andmoreenjoyableforpeopletoliveinthecountrythaninthecity.不好，应分成3段：…countrylife,…citylife富有新意：注意：不涉及政治、宗教、战争和一些犯罪话题，观点别太激进或是绝对化理由安排要自然，富有逻辑（never,nevergiveup一题）例子的选取：避生就孰（题材、用词）（城市乡村一题）不“测谎”，哪个了解、哪个好写就写哪个具体有生活气息结尾段（conclusion）“锦上添花”还是“狗尾续貂”？包含内容：一,是概括功能（概括全文，做出总结）；二,是呼应功能（和开头呼应）结尾段的方法：7种，巧妙的将开头重复paraphrase，而不是copy.第1种归纳法：总结全文要点Forwhathasbeendiscussabove,wemaysafelymake/draw/reach/cometo/arriveattheconclusionthat…第2种：提出建议、号召行动Itishoped/suggested/recommendedthatgreateffortsshouldbemadetocontrol/check/promotethegrowth/increase/riseof…第3种：提出警告、后果Itisnecessarythateffectiveactions/steps/shouldbetakentopreventthesituation/phenomenon.Itis,therefore,apparent/clear/obviousthatthetaskof…requires…immediateattention.第4种：预测未来常在社会、环保、科技问题上使用Indeed,withthe…advance/progresssuchas…,itislikelythatthe…influencewillgrowevenstronger第5种：以退为进（让步写法）Although…Weshouldgrantthat…but…Admittedly…butitisararecondition.Itshouldbegrantedthat…butthislikelihoodistoosmalltoconsider.第6种：引用名言第7种：以问题结尾,引人反思托福作文模版句补充开头Whenitcomesto...,somethink...Thereisapublicdebatetodaythat...Aisacommonwayof...,butisitawiseone?Recentlytheproblemhasbeenbroughtintofocus/hasbecomecontroversy提出观点Nowthereisagrowingawarenessthat...Itistimeweexploredthetruthof...Nowhereinhistoryhastheissuebeenmorevisible/obvious进一步提出观点....butthatisonlypartofthehistory.Anotherequallyimportantaspectis....Aisbutoneofthemanyeffects.Anotheris....Besides,otherreasonsare...提出假想例子的方式Supposethat...Justimaginewhatwouldbelikeif...Itisreasonabletoexpect...Itisnotsurprisingthat...举普通例子Agoodcaseinpointis...Aparticularexampleforthisis...引用.......Thatishowsb.Commented(criticized/praised...).......Howoftenwehearsuchwordslikethis讲故事…，thisstoryisnotrare....,suchdilemmaweoftenmeetindailylife....,thestorystillhasarealisticsignificance.提出原因Anydiscussionaboutthisproblemwouldinevitablyinvolve...Thefirstreasonthatcanbeobliviouslyseenis…Somepeoplemayneglect/overlookthat...Partoftheexplanationis...进行利弊对比TheadvantagesofAoutweighthedisadvantages.AlthoughAenjoysadistinctadvantage...Indeed,AcarriesmuchweightthanBwhensthisconcerned.Amaybe...,butitsuffersfromthedisadvantagethat...承上启下Tounderstandthetruthof...,itisalsoimportanttosee...Astudyof...willmakethispointclear让步Certainly,Bhasitsownadvantages,suchas...I