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EnglishLexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology:isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Chapter1--BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyWord:Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceSoundandmeaning:almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”Soundandform:不统一的四个原因（1）theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother（2）thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears（3）someofthedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes（4）theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary词汇Vocabulary:allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary词语分类ClassificationofEnglishWords：1.Byusefrequency:basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabulary基本词汇的特征:1)All-Nationalcharacter（全民通用性mostimportant）2)Stability3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的词:(1)Terminology(术语)(2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectalwords(6)Archaisms（古语）(7)Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms2.Bynotion:contentwords实词&functionalwords虚词3.Byorigin:nativewords&borrowedwordsNativewords（本族语词）:Twootherfeatures:(1)neutralinstyle(2)frequentinuseBorrowedwords/Loanwords:wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.(80%ofmodernEV)1)denizens(同化词，融入英语):(shirtfromskyrta(ON))2)aliens（非同化词/外来词，可以看出源头）:kowtow3)translationloans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语longtimenosee/tofu4)semanticloans（借义词）：theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowedpioneer本指开拓者，先引申为先锋。Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary印欧语系TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyTheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages（8大印欧语群）TheEasternset:(1)TheBalto-slavicGroup（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czechetc.(2)TheIndo-IranianGroup（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc.(3)TheArmenianGroup（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)TheAlbanianGroup（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.TheWesternset:(5)TheHellenicGroup（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)TheItalianGroup（意大利语族）：Latin,Romancelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish,portuguese,Romanian)etc.(7)TheCelticGroup（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.(8)TheGermanicGroup（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic)etc.三个发展阶段TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:1OldEnglish(450-1100)(vocabulary50,000to60,000):wasIhighinflectedlanguage.2MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):retainesmuchfewerinflections（1066法国开始入侵英国）3ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)始于印刷术英语外来元素Foreignelements：Latin（warandagriculture/罗马人把基督教带到英国churchterms）Greek(science/sports/medicine/politics)French(governmentandadministration/feudalism/religion/morality)Scandinavian纳维亚人（nouns、pronouns/birds/sea）Minorelements：Italian、German、Dutch、SpanishandPortuguese、Celtic词汇的发展模式ModesofVocabularyDevelopment:1)创造新词creation：theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexisting.2)旧词新义semanticchange:createmanymorenewuseagesofthewords.3)借用外来词borrowing:constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwordsChapter3WordFormationI词素Morpheme:thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords词素变体Allomorph:isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme，differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning词素的分类TypeofMorpheme（1）FreeMorphemes:Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.(independent).（2）BoundMorpheme:Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.FreeMorpheme=freerootMorpheme(词素)Boundrootprefixboundderivational派生suffixaffixinflectional曲折判断题：affixmustbeboundmorphemes√不是所有的词都需要自由词素√per-ceivetrans-latere-mit大部分词语是派生的√词根和词干Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.Chapter4Word-FormationII(构词法)1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：theformationofwordsbyaddingword-formaingorderivationalaffixestostem.（1）Prefixation：It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems.1)Negativeprefixes(否定):un-,non-,in-,dis,a-,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(notobey)2)Reversativeprefixes（逆反前缀）:un-,de-，dis-etc.unwrap(open)3)Pejorativeprefixes:mis（贬义）：mal-,pseudo-etc.misconduct(badbehavior)4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect.overweight5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude（倾向）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-6)Locativeprefixes（方位）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-,etc.extraordinaryoftimeandorder（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-etc.monorail(onerail)8)Numberprefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-,bi-，di-,tri-,multi-，poly-，semi-，9)Miscellaneousprefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-.vice-chairman(2)Suffixation（后缀法）:It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingsuffixestostems.1)nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)Adverbsuffixes4)verbsuffixes2.Compounding复合法（alsocalledcomposition）Compounding:istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestemsCompoundsarewritteninthreeways:solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)andopen分开写(airforce,airraid)Formationofcompounds（复合词的形式）（1）nouncompounds：e.g.:air+plane=airplane,flower+pot=flowerpot（2）adjectivecompounds