英汉对比与翻译全

翻译欢迎光临英对比与翻译汉English-ChineseContrastandTranslation左飚[e-mail]-ChineseContrastandTranslationZuoBiaoEnglish-ChineseContrastandTranslationZuoBiao翻译欢迎光临英对比与翻译汉ThreeParts1.Languagetransfer（语言迁移）2.Linguisticcontrast（语言对比）3.Contrastandtranslation（对比与翻译）PartOneLanguageTransferinFLLearning:InterferenceorFacilitation?外语学习中的语言迁移：干扰还是促进？WhatIsLanguageTransfer?Transferistheinfluenceresultingfromthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviouslyacquired.Odlin(1989:27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。奥德林TwoTypesofTransfer•NegativeTransfer(负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.类推会产生错误。•PositiveTransfer（正迁移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.分析能减少错误。KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。NegativeTransfer(负迁移):Interference(干扰)Causes:•analogicaluseofone’spriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母语先知结构的类推运用•scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages对两种语言的差异所知甚少•unconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯Chinglish=Englishwords+Chinesestructure汉语式英语=英语单词+汉语结构NativeLanguageTransferDoesExist.母语迁移现象确实存在•Theageofthelearner:around20学习者的年龄：20上下•Thelearningcontext：Chinese学习的语境：汉语ExamplesofNegativeTransferPhonologicaltransfer(语音迁移)Thesound/n/or/f/doesnotexistinsomeChinesedialectsand/l/or/h/servesasasubstitute.在有些中国方言（如南京/闽南方言）中没有辅音/n/或/f/，而用辅音/l/或/h/来替代。1、这位作家喜欢晚上写作。Thewriterlikeswritingatlight.(night)他不怕死。Hedoesnotheartodie.(fear)ExamplesofNegativeTransferHeonlyeattwomealaday.2、他一天只吃两顿饭。Morphologicaltransfer（词形迁移）NeithernounsnorverbshaveinflectionsinChinese.在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。(eats)(meals)我去年到北京去了三次。IgotoBeijing3timelastyear.(went)(times)ExamplesofNegativeTransferShanghaiissaidtohavethirty-threemillionpopulation.3、据说上海有三千三百万人口。Collocationtransfer(搭配迁移)Thenounrenkou,theChineseequivalentof‘population’,canhaveanumericalpre-modifier.Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。Shanghaiissaidtohaveapopulationofthirty-threemillion.Shanghaiissaidtohavethirty-threemillionpeople.ExamplesofNegativeTransferMeasuresmustbetakentonarrowthegapbetweenthepoorandtherich.4、要采取措施缩小贫富差距。Wordordertransfer(词序迁移)东南西北或迟或早悲欢离合衣食住行废寝忘食水陆交通饥寒交迫田径项目生老病死therichandthepoorExamplesofNegativeTransferHesuggestedmetoacceptthisoffer.5、他建议我接受这个报价。Syntacticaltransfer(句型迁移)Theverbjianyi,theChineseequivalentof‘suggest’,canbeusedinVOCpatterninChinese.Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用“动词+宾语+补语”的结构。HesuggestedthatI(should)acceptthisoffer.Hesuggestedmy(me)acceptingthisoffer.ExamplesofNegativeTransfer6.--YourEnglishiswonderful.--Oh,no.MyEnglishisstillpoor.Pragmatictransfer(语用迁移)ThenegativereplytoacomplimentisconsideredinChineseasmodestandcourteous.对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。--YourEnglishiswonderful.--Thankyou,butIstillhavealongwaytogobeforeIreallymasterit.TwoTypesofTransfer•NegativeTransfer(负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.类推会产生错误。•PositiveTransfer（正迁移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.分析能减少错误。Wecouldturnnegativetransfer(interference)intopositive(facilitation)bymakinganalysisondifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandarousethelearner’sawarenessofavoidingorreducingerrorsfromanalogy.我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。PartTwoAContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChinese英汉语对比研究DifferenceBetweenComparativeStudyandContrastiveStudyComparativeStudylaysemphasisonthesimilaritiesbetweenlanguagesandappliesthediachronicmethodofresearch.比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。ContrastiveStudylaysemphasisonthedifferencesbetweenlanguagesandappliesthesynchronicmethodofresearch.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。语义型与形态型Pleasetranslatethefollowing:不要人云亦云。Don’tsaywhatothershavesaid.这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。Whetheryoudothematterorhedoesit,I’mafraidneitherwilldoitwell.支农惠农政策不断加强。Policieswereconstantlystrengthenedtosupportandbenefitagriculture.必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。Measuresmustbetakentodevelopnewenergyresourcesbeforepetroleumresourcesareusedup.Pleasetranslatethefollowing:你再不起床，我要掀被子了。Ifyoushouldrefusetogetup,Iwouldpulloffyourquilt.本·拉登不死，美国就不会停止对他的追杀。IfbinLadenhadn’tdied,theUSwouldn’thavestoppedhuntingforhim.Pleasecomparetheunderlinedwords:不要人云亦云。这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。支农惠农政策不断加强。必须采取措施在石油耗尽之前开发新能源。你再不起床，我要掀被子了。本·拉登不死，美国就不会停止对他的追杀。Don’tsaywhatothershavesaid.Whetheryoudoitorhedoesit,I’mafraidneitherwilldoitwell.Policieswereconstantlystrengthenedtosupportandbenefitagriculture.Measuresmustbetakentodevelopnewenergyresourcesbeforepetroleumareusedup.Ifyoushouldrefusetogetup,Iwouldpulloffyourquilt.IfbinLadenhadn’tdied,theUSwouldn’thavestoppedhuntingforhim.Tense（时态）Voice（语态）Mood（语气）Lackinginflectioninthestrictsense缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们认真的态度、认真地学习Retainingsomeinflections保留一些形态变化v.（动词）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名词）:number,case,genderpron.（代词）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容词）:degreead.（副词）:degreeChineseEnglish病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Sicknesscomeslikeanavalanche,butgoeslikereelingsilk.Iwon’tgosolongashedoes.他去我不去。人无远虑，必有近忧。他人老心不老。Althoughhehasagedphysically,heremainsyoungatheart.Ifonehasnolong-termconsiderations,hewillfindtroubleathisdoorstep.我来他已去。HehadleftwhenIarrived.(Condition条件)(Contrast,Opposition对照、转折)(TimeOrder时间先后)(Concession让步)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChin