课前五分钟演讲12人类对宇宙的研究121Powerso

11.2.……1501501501501501503TheVirgoSuperclusterofgalaxiesisseeninthecenterofgalaxiesisseeninthecenterofthisimage,butlikemostofspace,thesceneisfairlyempty.DistantgalaxiesarestrungoutDistantgalaxiesarestrungoutinclustersthatappearasspringkingsofdust.4110WeseetheVirgoClusterofgalaxiesmadeupofagalaxies,madeupofacoupleofthousandgalaxiesofallsortsandsizes,circulatinginmutualorbit.crculatngnmutualorbt.51000Eachsphereoflightisseenastheresultofbillionsofstars’lihtThliithilight.Thesegalaxiesarewithinourowncosmicregion.6100Weseethespiralstructureofourowngalaxy,theMilkygy,yway.ThetwosatellitegalaxiestravelingwithitaretheCloudsofMagellanand7theClouds.1010WlkitsilfWearelookingataswirlofahundredbillionstarsinourMilkyWaygalaxy,allboundtothespiralbygravity8tothespiralbygravity.12.51WldftlikdtWeseecloudsofstarslikedust,oneofwhichisourownsun.91Wearenowlookingatthestarsthefirstastronomersstarsthefrstastronomerswereabletogroupintoconstellations,thosewithinourowngalaxy.10gy100WhbhWeseethebrightstarArcturusandlessluminousinthecenter,ourownsun.Thekifilldithskyisnowfilledwithdistinctstars.1110Askyfilledwithstars,muchlikethenightskyweviewfromearth.fromearth.121131Oursunisseenclearlyagainstabackgroundofaganstabackgroundoffainterstars.141Allf'ltAllofoursun'splanetsmoveintheirellipticalorbitsmarkedbythecoloredlinesinthisimage15coloredlinesinthisimage.100——4.22Weseetheouterplanetsastheycirculatecounterclockwiseallin16counterclockwise,allinnearlythesameplane10……WithinJupiter'sorbitweWthnJuptersorbtweseethesmallerplanets:Mars,Earth,VenusandMercury.17y1181950750075640020195519551955815512151221661226565818112151226512265811215195410010021100022100……2310HomeSweethome24110GoogleEarth^^^_^251000261002710281291003010311320.1……331——34135100361010371380.1234639100(101010A”10A100DNA401109109DNA4114210……431^_^440.11110120.145104611015470.1Anevencloserlookatthearrayofdotsthatcomprisehiidfitheinsideofaprotoninacarbonatom.480.010001Wesee1/100ofaproton,arepresentationofathequark.0.00149RltdbitRelatedwebsites1.=printable&tid=112p2.(1)“(1),——·cosmosкocMockosmoscosmosκoσμoζκoσμoζκoσμoζuniverseuniversitasCosmosUniverse51(2)(2)77615191522F·2:C·1000)1543N·1609J··1687I·521584·18E·J·18T·I·J·H·17851785··H·J·H·200181924E·P·53331644R.1745G.L.L.17551796-1911E.1913•••-1924··19371939C.F.1917A.·541917A.·97.1927G.192920G20G.1965198055441401.://space.lamost.org/2.http//space.lamost.org/3.://://===58e–p5.48610–41.0073–11ne+1.008705.48610–4122–1059ConstituentsofanAtomConstituentsofanAtomMasschargesizeElectron9.1094x10-31kg-1.6x10-19C10-18mProton1.6726x10-27kg+1.6x10-19C10-15mNeutron16749x1027kNeutral10-15mNeutron1.6749x10-27kgNeutral10m60GellM-Mannduscbtu-1/3+2/3-1/3+2/3-1/3+2/31/1001/2002001/1001/20020019741977199561SizeofanAtomanditsNucleusAtomElectrons&NucleusNucleusNucleusProtons&NeutronsProton&NeutronProton&NeutronQuarks62DltDalton(1803)Thomson“(1904)(1904)Rutherford(1911)(1911)Bohr(1913)(1926)63(1926)Dalton–atomsarebasicbuildingDaltonatomsarebasicbuildingblocksThomson–cathoderayexperimentsMillikanoildropexperimentMillikan–oildropexperimentRutherford’sgoldfoilexperimenturfrgfprmn6465469atomatom1808Dalton66Around4thcenturyB.C:Around4thcenturyB.C:••Greekphilosopher/teacher,DemocritusofGreekphilosopher/teacher,DemocritusofAbdera,suggestedtheideaofatoms.Abdera,suggestedtheideaofatoms.••statedatomswereinvisible,indestructible,statedatomswereinvisible,indestructible,fdtlitfttfdtlitfttfundamentalunitsofmatterfundamentalunitsofmatter••Althoughcorrect,hecouldnotexplainatomicAlthoughcorrect,hecouldnotexplainatomicbehaviorduringchemicalchangesbehaviorduringchemicalchangesbehaviorduringchemicalchanges.behaviorduringchemicalchanges.••AncientGreekphilosophersweregreatthinkers,AncientGreekphilosophersweregreatthinkers,notdonotdo’’erstheydidNOexperimentingerstheydidNOexperimentingnotdonotdoers,theydidNOexperimentingers,theydidNOexperimenting.469469atom67GkPhilhGreekPhilosophersSupposewecutabarofcopperobjectintotwo,takeoneandcutthatinhalf,andsoon…………….Isthereanylimittothenumberoftimeswecandividethebarinthisway?wecandividethebarinthisway?68GkPhlhGreekPhilosophersLeucippus&Democritus:splittingstopswhenitDemocritusLucppus&Dmocrtusspttngstopswhntreachesindivisibleparticlesanddoesnotgooninfinitely.“Theypostulatedtheexistenceofyyp“atoms”InGreek,theprefixameansnotandthewordtomosmeanscut.Atomcomesfromklatomos,aGreekwordmeaninguncuttable.69Greeks’AtomicViewofMatterSour-tastingsubstances:containatomswithjaggededgewithjaggededge.Oilysubstances:containsmall,roundatoms.702200slt2200slt2200yearslater2200yearslateranEnglishschoolteacher,JohnDaltonJohnDalton(1766-1844),developedtheAtomicAtomicTheoryTheory.•wasabletoexp