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11Communityserviceisanimportantcomponentofeducationhereatouruniversity.Weencourageallstudentstovolunteerforatleastonecommunityactivitybeforetheygraduate.AnewcommunityprogramcalledOneOnOnehelpselementarystudentswho'vefallenbehind.Youeducationmajorsmightbeespeciallyinterestedinitbecauseitofferstheopportunitytodosometeaching—thatis,tutoringinmathandEnglish.You'dhavetovolunteertwohoursaweekforonesemester.Youcanchoosetohelpachildwithmath,English,orboth.Half-hourlessonsarefine,soyoucoulddoahalfhourofeachsubjecttwodaysaweek.ProfessorDodgewillactasamentortothetutors---he'llbeavailabletohelpyouwithlessonplansortooffersuggestionsforactivities.HehasofficehourseveryTuesdayandThursdayafternoon.Youcansignupfortheprogramwithhimandbeginthetutoringnextweek.I'msureyou'llenjoythiscommunityserviceandyou'llgainvaluableexperienceatthesametime.Itlooksgoodonyourresume,too,showingthatyou'vehadexperiencewithchildrenandthatyoucareaboutyourcommunity.Ifyou'dliketosignup,orifyouhaveanyquestions,stopbyProfessorDodge'sofficethisweek.2Ihopeyou'veallfinishedreadingtheassignedchapteroninsuranceso2thatyou'repreparedforourdiscussiontoday.But,beforewestart,I'dliketomentionafewthingsyourtextdoesn'tgointo.It'sinterestingtonotethatinsurancehasexistedinsomeformforaverylongtime.Theearliestinsurancepolicieswerewhatwecalledbottomrycontracts.Theyprovidedshippingprotectionformerchantsasfarbackas3000B.C.Ingeneral,thecontractswereoftennomorethanverbalagreements.Theygrantedloanstomerchantswiththeunderstandingthatifaparticularshipmentofgoodswaslostatsea,theloandidn'thavetoberepaid.Interestontheloansvariedaccordingtohowriskyitwastotransportthegoods.Duringperiodsofheavypiracyatsea,forexample,theamountofinterestandthecostofthepolicywentupconsiderably.So,youcanseehowinsurancehelpedencourageinternationaltrade.Eventhemostcautiousmerchantsbecamewillingtoriskshippingtheirgoodsoverlongdistances,nottomentioninhazardousweatherconditionswhentheyhadthiskindofprotectionavailable.Generallyspeaking,thebasicformofaninsurancepolicyhasbeenprettymuchthesamesincetheMiddleAges.Therearefourpointsthatweresalientthenandremainparamountinallpoliciestoday.Therewereoutlinedinchaptersixandwillserveasthebasisfortherestoftheoftoday'sdiscussion.Cananyonetellmewhatoneofthosepointsmightbe?33LocatedattheNASAResearchCenterinIowaisa5,000-gallonvatofwater,andinsidethetankisanunderwatertreadmilldesignedbyDavaNewman,anaerospaceengineer.ForfouryearsNewmanobservedscubadiversastheysimulatedwalkingontheMoonandonMarsonherunderwatermovingbelt.ShewantedtodiscoverhowthegravityoftheMoonandofMarswouldaffecthumanmovement.Todothis,Newmanattachedweightstothediversandthenloweredthemintothetankandontothetreadmill.TheseweightswerecarefullyadjustedsothatthediverscouldexperienceunderwaterthegravityoftheMoonandofMarsastheywalkedonthetreadmill.NewmanconcludedthatwalkingonMarswillprobablybeeasierthanwalkingontheMoon.TheMoonhaslessgravitythanMarsdoes,soatlunargravity,thediversstruggledtokeeptheirbalanceandwalkedawkwardly.ButatMartiangravity,thedivershadgreatertractionandstabilityandcouldeasilyadjusttoapaceof1.5milesperhour.AsNewmangraduallyincreasedthespeedofthetreadmill,thediverstooklonger,gracefulstridesuntiltheycomfortablysettledintoanevenquickerpace.NewmanalsonotedthatatMartiangravity,thediversneededlessoxygen.ThedataNewmancollectedwillhelpinthefuturedesignofMartianspacesuits.Comparedtolunarspacesuits,Martianspacesuitswillrequiresmallerairtanks;and,toallowforfreermovement,theelbowandkneeareasofthespacesuitswillalsobealtered.44WelcometoEvergladesNationalPark.TheEvergladesisawateryplaincoveredwithsawgrassthat'shometonumerousspeciesofplantsandwildlife.Atoneandahalfmillionacres,it'stoobigtoseeitalltoday,butthistourwillofferyouagoodsampling.OurtourbuswillstopfirstatTaylorSlough.Thisisagoodplacetostartbecauseit'shometomanyoftheplantsandanimalstypicallyassociatedwiththeEverglades.You'llseemanyexoticbirdsand,ofcourse,ourworldfamousalligators.Don'tworry,there'saboardwalkthatgoesacrossthemarsh,soyoucanlookdownattheanimalsinthewaterfromasafedistance.Theboardwalkishighenoughtogiveyouagreatviewofthesawgrassprairie.Fromtherewe'llheadtosomeothermarshyandevenjunglelikeareasthatfeaturewonderfultropicalplantlife.Forthoseofyouwho'dlikeacloserviewofthesawgrassprairie,youmightconsiderrentingacanoesometimeduringyourvisithere.However,don'tdothisunlessyouhaveaverygoodsenseofdirectionandcannegotiateyourwaythroughtallgrass.We'dhatetohavetocomelookingforyou.Youhavethegoodfortuneofbeinghereinthewinter—thebesttimeofyeartovisit.Duringthespringandsummer,themosquitoeswilljustabouteatyoualive!Rightnowthey'renotsobothersome,butyou'llstillwanttouseaninsectrepellent.55Thankyou.It'sgreattoseesomanyofyouinterestedinthisseriesonSurvivalinOuterSpace.Pleaseexcusethecameras,we'rebeingvideotapedforthelocalTVstations.TonightI'mgoingtotalkaboutthemostbasicaspectofsurvival—thespacesuit.Whenmostofyouimagineanastronaut,that'sprobablythefistthingthatcomestomind,right?Well,withoutspacesuits,itwouldnotbepossibleforustosurviveinspace.Forexample,outerspaceisavacuum—t