学术英语如何写好摘要How-to-Write-an-Abstract

HowtoWriteanAbstractI.DefinitionofabstractII.FunctionofabstractIII.ContentsofabstractIV.SuggestionsforabstractwritingV.KeywordswritingcontentsI.Whatisanabstract?Abstractisashortdescriptionoftheentirepaperthatappearsrightatthebeginningofthebodypartanditisoftenregardedasthemostimportantcomponentinaresearchpaper.II.Whatisthefunctionofanabstract?Anabstractisusedbypotentialreaders（潜在读者）todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterestandfinallytodecidewhetherornothe/sheneedstoreadtheentirepaper.III.ContentsofabstractTopicspecification主题说明Backgroundinformation背景信息Purposestatement目的陈述Methodologyanddata方法与数据Results/findings研究结果Implication/Conclusion结论The3KeyElementsinanAbstractA.Thestatementofpurposeaboutyourresearch;B.Themethodofyourresearch;C.Theconclusionofyourresearch.STRUCTUREofAbstractClassificationofabstractsStructureofaninformativeabstractFeaturesofanabstractClassificationofabstractsinformativeabstract-theprimaryresearchobjectiveorpurpose-methodemployedinsolvingtheproblems-principalfindingsorresults-majorconclusionsandservesasasubstituteforthefullpaperdescriptiveabstractoutlinesthetopicscoveredinthepaperandislikeatableofcontentsinparagraphform.StructureofaninformativeabstractBackground–whydoyouwanttodotheresearch?Researchquestion–whatquestionareyoutryingtoanswerandwhatistheresearchtopicofyourpaper?Method–how(whatmaterial,whatmethod,andwhatprocedures)doyougetanswerstoyourresearchquestion?Results–whatisyouranswertothequestion?Conclusions–whatimplicationsdoestheanswerimply?FeaturesofanabstractConcise–writeeverythingrelevanttothepaperinassimpletermsaspossible.Objective–statesobjectivelythemainpointsofthepaper.Consistent–beconsistentwiththeotherpartsofthewholepaper,andneverincludewhathasnotbeenmentionedinthepaper.Complete–coverallthemainpointsofthepaperandbeaminiatureofthepaper.Brief–conveysinasfewwordsaspossibletheessentialinformationcontainedinthebodyofthepaper.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToDEFINEthebackgroundandargumentofthepresentstudyAlthough(theresearchsubject)…,(therelatedproblem)…isasyetundetermined.(Theresearchsubject)…,however,(therelatedproblem)…remainsunsolved.(Previousstudies)haveexamined…,(therelatedproblem)isthat…,despite…(Problemsincertainresearcharea)are…,yet(thepresentsolution)hasfrequentlybeenquestionedbecause…Thispaperdescribes/presents…(theargument)within…(atheoreticalcontext)While(thedebateoncertainresearchsubject)seemsto…,(thepresentagreement)isstillproblematic.ToSTATEthepurposeofthepresentstudyThispaperadvancestheviewthat…Thearticleadvocates/discusses/develops/focuseson/givesdetailedexplanationfor/investigatesinto/proposes/holdsthat/…Thepurpose/intentionofthispaperis…Theprimarygoal/aimofthisresearchis…Theoverallobjectiveofthisstudyis…Inthispaper/study,weaimat…Thework/investigationpresentedinthispaperfocuseson…Thisresearchisdesignedtodetermine/measure/evaluate…Theauthorintends/attemptsooutlinetheframeworkof/obtainsomeknowledgeof…ToDESCRIBEtheangleofobservingissues…fromtheangleof……inthelightofthecontextthat…Toviewsomethingatadifferentangle/fromvariousangles…Fromthepointofviewof…Fromtheperspectiveof…ToINTRODUCEthemainparticipantsormaterialsThepresentstudyhasinvestigated…byusing/analyzing…(participants/materials)Inthisstudy,weinquired/examined/evaluated…(participants/materials)Theexperiments/investigationsofthepresentstudyinvolved…(participants/materials)ToDESCRIBEresearchmethodandproceduresDetailedinformationhasbeenacquiredbytheauthorsusing..Severalsetsofexperimentshavebeenperformedtotestthevalidityof…Thetechniquetheauthoradoptedisreferredtoas…Theexperimentsconsistedoffoursteps,whicharedescribedin…Themethod/approachusedinthepresentstudyis…Theexperiment/investigationinthepaperisconductedbyadopting…Theprocedurethepresentstudyfollowedcanbebrieflydescribedas…Theexperiment/studyconsistedofthefollowingsteps:…Includedintheexperimentwere…Basedontheideathat…,weconductedthepresentstudy,categorized…,andevaluated…ToPRESENTresults,findingsandconclusionTheresultsoftheexperimentindicate/suggestthat…;itisalsofoundthat…Theresultsareasfollows:…Theanalysisofthesamplesindicatesthat..Thedataobtainedseemtobeverysimilarothosereportedearlierby…Itisconcludedthat..;theresultsalsoimplythefurtherstudyinto…Theinvestigation/experimentvariedby…andtheresultsalsorevealedthat…Thesefindingsoftheresearchhaveledtheauthortotheconclusionthat…IV.SuggestionsforabstractwritingA.Inwritingyourabstract,theheadingsofoutline,tableofcontents,introductionpartandconclusionpartareusefulsectionsforyoutoconsult;B.Yourabstractmaycontainonlyoneortwoparagraphswithin200words.C.Whenyouintroducethepurposeofyourresearch,simplepresenttenseiscommonlyused;whenyoudescribethemethodsofresearchortheresults,pasttenseisthebestchoice.D.Whenwritingabstract,trytousemorepassiveverbstodownplaytheauthorandemphasizetheinformation.E.Usingsomespecialverbsandexpressionswhenwritingyourabstractsuchasdiscuss,aim,attempt,intend,explore,examine,dealwith,focuson…whenyouintroducethepurpose;indicate,offer,show,reveal,prove,demonstrate,con