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学术英语理工AcademicEnglishforScienceandEngineering第二版byHeCanwenInthisunit,youwilllearnhowto:1.askprobingquestionsincriticalthinking;2.haveabetterunderstandingofbasicelementsofresearchpapers;3.chooseaparticulartopicforyourresearch;4.formulateresearchquestions;5.writeaworkingtitle(暂定标题);6.avoidplagiarism;7.usecitations;8.usesourcesbyquotingandsummarizing.Unit1ChoosingaTopic1Criticalreading2Academicwriting3LiteracyskillsUnitContentsCriticalthinking(askingquestions)UnderstandingthetextEnhancinglanguageabilityDoingResearchProjectsDecidingonatopicFormulatingresearchquestionsWritingaworkingtitleAvoidingplagiarismCitationsQuotingSummarizingScanthetextquicklyanddiscussthefollowingquestionswithapartner.1.Howmanysectionsdoesaresearchpapercontain?Whatarethey?Whyshoulditbedividedinto“Introduction”,“Methods”andothersections?2.Howmanyarticlesorresearchpapersdoestheauthorcite?Why?1.CriticalReadingHowtoreadresearcharticles3.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthelanguageofaresearchpaper?Isitmoreformalandobjectiveorinformalandsubjective?Why?4.Doyouthinkitnecessarytolearnhowtoreadandevenwriteresearchpapers?Why?1.CriticalReadingHowtoreadresearcharticlesReadthearticle“ResearchReportsforTechnicalWriting”onPage24-26andanswerthequestionsbelow.1.Howmanybasicelementsarethereinaresearchreportorpaper?Whatarethey?2.Whyisagoodknowledgeofpreviousstudiesofthetopicnecessary?3.Whyistheproceduressectionimportant?1.CriticalReadingHowtoreadresearcharticlesFour.Theyareproblemsection,proceduressection,resultsectionanddiscussionsection.Becauseitwillcontributetothecredibilityoftheresearch.Itcanallowthereadertoduplicatetheexperimentifthereissomedoubtaboutyourfindings.4.Whatarethecontentsofthediscussionsection?5.Whatarethemajorrequirementsofaresearchpaperintermsofstyle?1.CriticalReadingHowtoreadresearcharticlesAccuracy,clarity,andcompleteness.Itmayevaluatetheresearchresultsfully,pointoutwhatquestionsremainunansweredandperhapssuggestdirectionsforfurtherresearch.Groupdiscussion:1.WhatisCriticalthinking(CT)?2.WhyisCTimportanttouniversitystudentsaswellasacitizen?3.Whyisaskingquestionsimportant?1.CriticalReadingCriticalthinking(askingquestions)Criticalthinking(CT):aquestioningorchallengingapproachtoknowledgeandperceivedwisdom.Itinvolvesconceptualizing,applying,analyzing,synthesizing,andevaluatinginformationgatheredfrom,orgeneratedby,observation,experience,reflection,reasoning,orcommunication,asaguidetobeliefandaction.1.CriticalReadingCriticalthinking(askingquestions)Tipstobeacriticalreader:--readbetweenthelinesandmakeinferencesabouttheauthor’sattitudewhichmightbehiddeninthepassage;--askprobingquestionstogettoknowandfollowtheauthor’strainofthoughtinacademicreading;--readthegoalsandcorrespondingquestionsyoumayask.1.CriticalReadingCriticalthinking(askingquestions)Toidentifytheauthor’smotivesorthepurposeofwriting,youcanaskquestionssuchas:•Whatisthetheme/mainargumentof…?•Istheauthortryingtopersuadereadersormerelyprovideinformation?•Mighttheauthorhaveahiddenpurpose?•Whataretheauthor’spresumptionsandbias?•Doestheauthorsupportonesideofacontroversyorappearimpartial?•Doestheauthor’sattitudelieimplicitinthetext?1.CriticalReadingCriticalthinking(askingquestions)Toidentifytheauthor’sstanceandtone,youcanaskquestionssuchas:•Whatistheauthor’sstanceandhowdoyouworkitout?•Whatlanguage(suchaswording)isused?•Istheauthorbeingseriousorplayful,humorousorsomber?•Istheauthorangryortranquil,bitterorconfident,ironicalorsincere?1.CriticalReadingCriticalthinking(askingquestions)Toidentifytheauthor’sstanceandtone,youcanaskquestionssuchas:•Doestheauthorappealtothereaders’emotion(suchastheuseofemotion-arousingwords,ofslogan,rhetoricalquestionsandparallelstructures)?•Doestheauthormerelyappealtothereaders’reasoningbyusingfactsandstatisticevidenceinsteadofpropaganda?•Whatparticularevidenceandexampledoestheauthorselect?1.CriticalReadingCriticalthinking(askingquestions)Tofindevidenceandcheckwhetheritisrelevantandreliable,youmayaskquestionssuchas:•Istheresufficientevidenceforanargumentoraclaim?•Hasanyevidencebeenmissedoutifareliableargumentisformed?•Howisevidence(suchasexamplesandstatistics)usedandinterpreted?•Doestheauthorassessthestrengthsandweaknessesofanargumentoranevent?1.CriticalReadingCriticalthinking(askingquestions)Tofindevidenceandcheckwhetheritisrelevantandreliable,youmayaskquestionssuchas:•Doestheauthorintentionallyhidesomefactsorinformationwhichfailtosupporthisarguments?•Arethereanygapsorinconsistenciesintheargument?•Couldtheargumentbebetterordifferentlysupported?•Howdoestheauthorreachhisorherconclusion?1.CriticalReadingCriticalthinking(askingquestions)Toreachyourownconclusionabouttheissueorthearticle,youmayaskquestionssuchas:Doyouagreewiththeoutcomes?Whatisyouropinionof…?Howwouldyouprove/disprove…?Couldtheconclusionbedifferentifdifferentfactsormethodsareused?Woulditbebetterif…?Whatwouldhappenif…?Canyouproposeanalternative…?1.CriticalReadingCriticalthinking(askingquestions)Howtolearnalongtext?Areadingcircleisareadingactivitywherestudents,inasmallgroup,readthesametextbuteachstudentinthat